OR/14/069 Appendix 1 - Field data

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Bricker, S H, Yadav, S K, MacDonald, A M, Satyal, Y, Dixit, A, and Bell, R. 2014. Groundwater resilience Nepal: preliminary findings from a case study in the Middle Hills. British Geological Survey Internal Report, OR/14/069.

A1.1 Sampling site locations

ID Site Sample type Latitude (Degrees) Longitude (Degrees) Sample no. Sept 2013 Sample no. April/
May 2014 		GW chemistry Stable isotope CFC/SF6 Spring flow/temp Stream levels Noble gases
N.1 Tallopadhera, Nangi Spr 28.36847 83.63953 1 A
N.2 Setod Hunga, Nangi Spr 28.36462 83.64171 2 A
N.3 Ratojhapra, Nangi — sample point Spr 28.35569 83.64422 8 3 L B B
N.3b Ratojhapra, Nangi — source point Spr 28.35526 83.64605 3b
N.4 Seto Kharsu, Nangi — sample point Spr 28.35906 83.64407 10 4 L B S
N.4b Seto Kharsu, Nangi — source point Spr 28.35966 83.64266 4b
N.5 Inar, Nangi — sample point Spr 28.36428 83.64811 5 A
N.5b Inar, Nangi (Bottom) Spr 5b
N.5c Inar, Nangi — Source point (Top) Spr 28.36422 83.6482 5c
N.6 Seasonal stream, Nangi Stream 28.35745 83.6445 9
N.7 River Dobilla, Nangi Stream 28.3662 83.64925 11
N.8 Lake at Nangi Lake 17
R.9 Sano Gaunmul, Ramche Spr 28.38562 83.64291 6 A
R.10 Thulo Mul Padhero, Ramche village — sample point Spr 28.38616 83.63913 12 7 L B B
R.10b Thulo Mul Padhero, Ramche village — source point Spr 28.38657 83.63924 7b
R.11 Citeni Mul sample point Spr 28.38236 83.67153 13 8 L B S
R.11b Citeni Mul — source point
(top LHS tributary) 		Spr 28.38236 83.67153 8b
R.11c Citeni Mul — (lower LHS tribuatry, above sample point) Stream 28.38236 83.67153 8c
R.11d Citeni Mul — (RHS tributary, above sample point) Stream 28.38236 83.67153 8d
R.11e Citeni Mul — (tributary below sample point) Stream 28.38236 83.67153 8e
R.12 Khalna (GW seepages), Ramche Spr 28.38086 83.6559 14 9 A
R.13 Chhre, Ramche — stream two Stream 28.37455 83.65545 15
R.14 Stream on the way from Ramche to Nangi Stream 28.37275 83.65453 16
TP.15 Tato Pani Hot Spr 28.49626 83.65437 10 A
TP.16 Tato Pani Singha Hot Spr 28.3677 83.50252 11 A A
B.17 Baurah, Beni Borehole source LDW 28.3542 83.56619 12 A
B.17b Baurah, Beni — sample from main river Stream 28.3542 83.56619 12b
MP.18 Bhaun Khola, Madanpokhara (stream) Stream 27.83088 83.55663 2 -
MP.19 Bhaun Khola Jukedhara, Madanpokhara — source Spr 27.82826 83.55269 3 13 L B S
MP.20 Community lodge no.7, hand pump Madanpokhara TW 27.82948 83.56365 4 14 A A
MP.21 Handpump 2 — roadside house TW 27.82306 83.57529 15 A
MP.22 Damkada Tari, handpump 3 Madanpokhara TW 27.82929 83.56844 7 16 A
MP.23 Handpump 4 — river floodplain TW 27.82372 83.57851 17 A
MP.24 Handpump 5 — floodplain artesian TW 27.82601 83.5788 18 A
MP.25 Handpump 6 — floodplain house TW 27.82952 83.57404 19 A
MP.26 Handpump 7 — roadside TW 27.82851 83.56461 20 A
MP.27 Handpump 8 — terrace edge TW 27.82811 83.56795 21 A
MP.28 Majhi Dhara, MP Spr 27.82861 83.54936 22 A
MP.29 Badkhola Mal, Madanpokhara — source Spr 27.82651 83.5551 5 23 L B B
MP.30 Andheri (higher; Vulture), MP Spr 27.81879 83.56328 24 A
MP.31 Andheri Chareharee (lower), Madanpokhara — source Spr 27.8202 83.56503 6 25 L S S
Spr – spring

Hot Spr – hot spring
TW – tubewell
LDW – large diameter well
Stream – stream/river

Green shading denotes sample collected

*L – Long-term monitoring for stable isotopes
B – Samples collected in both Sept 2013 and April/May 2014
S – Sample collected in Sept 2013 only
A – Sample collected in April/May 2014 only

A1.2 Stable isotopes

Stable Isotopes
Sep–13 Apr–14
ID Site Latitude (Degrees) Longitude (Degrees) δ18O
VSMOW2 		δD
VSMOW2 		δ18O
VSMOW2 		δD
VSMOW2
N.1 Tallopadhera, Nangi 28.36847 83.63953 -10.50 -74.6
N.2 Seto Dhunga, Nangi 28.36462 83.64171 -11.09 -78.6
N.3 Ratojhapra, Nangi — sample point 28.35569 83.64422 -11.52 -79.4 -11.33 -79.4
N.3b Ratojhapra, Nangi — source point 28.35526 83.64605 -11.41 -80.0
N.4 Seto Kharsu, Nangi — sample point 28.35906 83.64407 -11.31 -78.6 -10.93 -76.7
N.4b Seto Kharsu, Nangi — source point 28.35966 83.64266 -11.00 -77.1
N.5 Inar, Nangi — sample point 28.36428 83.64811 -11.06 -77.2
N.5b Inar, Nangi (Bottom) -11.06 -77.8
N.5c Inar, Nangi — Source point (Top) 28.36422 83.6482 -11.07 -77.7
N.6 Seasonal stream, Nangi 28.35745 83.6445 -11.47 -79.3
N.7 River Dobilla, Nangi 28.3662 83.64925 -11.37 -79.1
N.8 Lake at Nangi -11.39 -80.3
R.9 Sano Gaunmul, Ramche 28.38562 83.64291 -10.74 -75.4
R.10 Thulo Mul Padhero, Ramche village — sample point 28.38616 83.63913 -11.15 -76.9 -10.86 -76.1
R.10b Thulo Mul Padhero, Ramche village — source point 28.38657 83.63924 -10.88 -76.4
R.11 Citeni Mul sample point 28.38236 83.67153 -12.56 -87.1 -11.84 -81.5
R.11b Citeni Mul — source point (top LHS tributary) -11.58 -79.8
R.11c Citeni Mul — (lower LHS tribuatry, above sample point) -11.60 -80.3
R.11d Citeni Mul — (RHS tributary, above sample point) -12.09 -84.0
R.11e Citeni Mul — (tributary below sample point) -12.11 -83.8
R.12 Khalna (GW seepages), Ramche 28.38086 83.6559 -13.04 -92.6 -11.34 -79.1
R.13 Chhre, Ramche — stream two 28.37455 83.65545 -12.82 -89.4
R.14 Stream on the way from Ramche to Nangi 28.37275 83.65453 -12.67 -89.0
TP.15 Tato Pani 28.49626 83.65437 -10.15 -70.1
TP.16 Tato Pani Singha 28.3677 83.50252 -9.13 -65.2
B.17 Baurah, Beni Borehole source 28.3542 83.56619 -10.51 -74.6
B.17b Baurah, Beni — sample from main river 28.3542 83.56619 -11.02 -73.6
MP.18 Bhaun Khola, Madanpokhara (stream) 27.83088 83.55663 -9.41 -64.2
MP.19 Bhaun Khola Jukedhara, Madanpokhara — source 27.82826 83.55269 -9.50 -64.5 -9.36 -64.4
MP.20 Community lodge no.7, hand pump Madanpokhara 27.82948 83.56365 -8.99 -61.2 -9.07 -62.0
MP.21 Handpump 2 — roadside house 27.82306 83.57529 -9.30 -64.0
MP.22 Damkada Tari, handpump 3 Madanpokhara 27.82929 83.56844 -9.04 -61.2 -8.59 -61.7
MP.23 Handpump 4 — river floodplain 27.82372 83.57851 -8.56 -59.7
MP.24 Handpump 5 — floodplain artesian 27.82601 83.5788 -8.79 -61.0
MP.25 Handpump 6 — floodplain house 27.82952 83.57404 -7.56 -53.4
MP.26 Handpump 7 — roadside 27.82851 83.56461 -9.21 -63.4
MP.27 Handpump 8 — terrace edge 27.82811 83.56795 -9.27 -63.8
MP.28 Majhi Dhara, MP 27.82861 83.54936 -9.30 -63.8
MP.29 Badkhola Mal, Madanpokhara — source 27.82651 83.5551 -9.56 -65.8 -9.38 -64.2
MP.30 Andheri (higher; Vulture), MP 27.81879 83.56328 -9.35 -63.7
MP.31 Andheri Chareharee (lower), Madanpokhara — source 27.8202 83.56503 -9.47 -64.1 -9.33 -64.3

A1.3 Groundwater age indicators

SF6 Sample results — September 2013

ID Sept. sample no. Estimated Recharge Elevation fmol/L XS Air Factor fmol/L Fraction modern Year *
MP.19 3 800 2.111 0.7 1.48 0.57 1999
MP.29 5 800 1.004 0.7 0.70 0.27 1989
MP.31 6 800 0.752 0.7 0.53 0.20 1986
N.3 8 2500 1.279 0.7 0.90 0.47 1996
N.4 10 2500 1.455 0.7 1.02 0.53 1999
R.10 12 2500 2.495 0.7 1.75 0.92 2010
R.11 13 2500 2.546 0.7 1.78 0.94 2011

* Calculated using 3 cc/L Excess air, recharge temperature of 15°C and recharge elevations as specified.


SF6 Sample results — April/May 2014

ID April/May. sample no. Estimated Recharge Elevation fmol/L XS Air Factor fmol/L Fraction modern Year *
N.1 1 2500 1.799 0.8 1.44 0.66 1997
N.2 2 2500 1.658 0.8 1.33 0.61 1995
N.3 3 2600 0.904 0.8 0.72 0.33 1988
N.4 4 2600 2.395 0.8 1.92 0.88 2002
N.5 5 2500 2.513 0.8 2.01 0.93 2003
R.10 7 2500 1.943 0.8 1.55 0.72 1998
R.11 8 3000 2.042 0.8 1.63 0.75 1999
TP.15 10 1000–2000 1.692 0.8 1.35 0.62 1998
TP.16 11 1000–2000 0.000 0.8 0.00 0.00 <1970
B.17 12 900 1.389 0.8 1.11 0.51 1997
MP.19 13 800 1.894 0.8 1.52 0.70 2003
MP.20 14 700 1.853 0.8 1.48 0.68 2003
MP.21 15 700 2.157 0.8 1.73 0.80 2007
MP.22 16 700 0.967 0.8 0.77 0.36 1992
MP.23 17 700 0.000 0.8 0.00 0.00 <1970
MP.24 18 700 0.000 0.8 0.00 0.00 <1970
MP.25 19 700 1.091 0.8 0.87 0.40 1993
MP.26 20 700 1.254 0.8 1.00 .46 1995
MP.27 21 700 0.980 0.8 0.78 0.36 1992
MP.28 22 1000 2.319 0.8 1.86 0.86 2009
MP.29 23 800 1.434 0.8 1.15 0.53 1998
MP.30 24 900 1.354 0.8 1.08 0.50 1997

* Calculated using 2 cc/L Excess air, recharge temperature of 15°C and recharge elevations as specified.


CFC Sample results — September 2013

pmol/L pmol/L Modern Fraction Modern Fraction Year of recharge Year of recharge
ID Sample CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-11
R.10 Site 12 3.29 6.36 1.7 1.92 >modern >modern
R.11 Site 13 3.36 8.61 1.73 2.6 >modern >modern
N.4 Site 10 1.49 4.6 0.77 1.39 >modern >modern
N.3 Site 8 1.92 6.25 0.99 1.89 >modern >modern

* Calculated using a recharge temperature of 12 degrees and recharge elevation of 2500 m. CFC samples collected for sites in
Madanpokhara (MP.19; MP.29; MP.31) were damaged as a result of laboratory kit failure and results were not obtainable.


CFC Sample results — April/May 2014

Recharge elevation pmol/L pmol/L Modern Fraction Modern Fraction Year of recharge Year of recharge
ID Sample m CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-11 CFC-12 CFC-11
N.1 1 2500 2.55 5.75 1.32 1.74 >modern >modern
N.2 2 2500 2.94 5.69 1.52 1.72 >modern >modern
N.3 3 2600 3.36 6.23 1.74 1.88 >modern >modern
N.4 4 2600 3.49 8.50 1.80 2.57 >modern >modern
N.5 5 2500 3.44 6.07 1.78 1.83 >modern >modern
R.9 6 2500 3.05 5.38 1.58 1.63 >modern >modern
R.10 7 2500 2.64 4.50 1.37 1.36 >modern >modern
R.11 8 3000 3.24 6.46 1.68 1.95 >modern >modern
TP.16 11 1000–2000 0.45 0.76 0.22 0.22 1969 1969
B.17 12 900 1.58 0.48 0.96 0.18 1991 1968
MP.19 13 800 2.14 3.71 1.31 1.38 >modern >modern
MP.20 14 700 1.73 3.54 1.06 1.32 >modern >modern
MP.21 15 700 2.19 3.86 1.33 1.44 >modern >modern
MP.22 16 700 0.82 0.11 0.50 0.04 1977 1960
MP.23 17 700 0.08 0.01 0.05 0.00 1958 1951
MP.24 18 700 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.04 1952 1959
MP.25 19 700 0.94 0.58 0.58 0.22 1979 1969
MP.26 20 700 1.67 2.98 1.02 1.11 >modern >modern
MP.27 21 700 1.93 2.50 1.18 0.93 >modern >modern
MP.28 22 1000 2.09 3.23 1.28 1.20 >modern >modern
MP.29 23 800 2.34 3.37 1.43 1.25 >modern >modern
MP.30 24 900 2.29 4.09 1.40 1.52 >modern >modern

A1.4 Groundwater chemistry

(denotes values in excess of the Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standard)




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