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'''From: McMillan, A.A., Gillanders, R.J. and Fairhurst, J.A. 1999 Building stones of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geological Society.'''
The contents of this guidebook have been converted for [[Main Page|Earthwise<sup>TM</sup>]]
Contents
Contents


Line 7: Line 12:
Preface to the 2nd Edition
Preface to the 2nd Edition


Preface to the 3rd Edition


[[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]]
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh - introduction|Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop]] ==
=== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] ===


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]]
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: geological characteristics of building stones|Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones]] ==


:Introduction
:Introduction
Line 41: Line 46:
:References
:References


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]]
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: stratigraphy and origin of sandstones|Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh]] ==


:Geological setting
:Geological setting


::Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
:Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')


::Sandstones of Angus
::Sandstones of Angus
Line 73: Line 78:
:::Passage Formation
:::Passage Formation


Coal Measures
:Coal Measures


Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire
Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire


Appleby Group
::Appleby Group


Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
:::Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation


Thornhill Sandstone Formation
:::Thornhill Sandstone Formation


Corncockle Sandstone Formation
:::Corncockle Sandstone Formation


Mauchline Sandstone Formation
:::Mauchline Sandstone Formation


Sherwood Sandstone Group
::Sherwood Sandstone Group


St Bees Sandstone Formation
:::St Bees Sandstone Formation


Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
:Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray


Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England Lower Carboniferous
:Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England


Cementstone Group
::Lower Carboniferous


Fell Sandstone Group
:::Cementstone Group


Scremerston Coal Group
:::Fell Sandstone Group


Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
:::Scremerston Coal Group


Millstone Grit
:::Lower and Middle Limestone Groups


Coal Measures
::Millstone Grit


Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
::Coal Measures


References
:Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]]
:References


History
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Chapter 4 Tests on building stones]] ==


Current methods of testing
:History


Tests used as indicators of durability
:Current methods of testing


Porosity
:Tests used as indicators of durability


Water absorption
::Porosity


Saturation coefficient
::Water absorption


Acid immersion test
::Saturation coefficient


Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
::Acid immersion test


The mechanical properties of stone
::Sodium sulphate crystallisation test


Strength tests
:The mechanical properties of stone


Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
::Strength tests


The point-load test
::Uniaxial or unconfined compression test


Hardness
::The point-load test


References
::Hardness


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]]
:References


Working of the stone
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: quarrying methods|Chapter 5 Quarrying methods]] ==


Organisation of work
:Working of the stone


The workmen
:Organisation of work


References
:The workmen


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]]
:References


Methods of walling
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: use and availability of sandstones|Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh]] ==


Surface finishes
:Methods of walling


Smoothed ashlar
:Surface finishes


Droved (boasted) work
::Smoothed ashlar


Tooled work
::Droved (boasted) work


Stugged (punched) work
::Tooled work


Broached work
::Stugged (punched) work


Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
::Broached work


Vermiculated work
::Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work


Cladding
::Vermiculated work


Use of different stone in the same building
:Cladding


Availability of stone: an historical perspective
:Use of different stone in the same building


References
:Availability of stone: an historical perspective


Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's Quarries and their Building Stone Products
:References


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]]
== Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's quarries and their building stone products ==
 
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Kinnesswood Formation|Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation]]


Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries
Line 187: Line 194:
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries
Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Ballagan Formation|Stone from the Ballagan Formation]]


The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
::The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)


Salisbury Crags Quarries
::Salisbury Crags Quarries


Greyfriar's Port Quarries
::Greyfriar's Port Quarries


Other Old Town Quarries
::Other Old Town Quarries


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Gullane Formation|Stone from the Gullane Formation]]


Craigleith
::Craigleith


Maidencraig
::Maidencraig


Barnton Park
::Barnton Park


Ravelston
::Ravelston


Craigcrook
::Craigcrook


Granton Quarries
::Granton Quarries


Bearford's Quarries
::Bearford's Quarries


Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
::Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes


Quarries In the West End of the New Town
::Quarries In the West End of the New Town


Broughton Quarries
::Broughton Quarries


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation|Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation]]


Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
::Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black


Leith Hill
::Leith Hill


Wardie
::Wardie


Hailes
::Hailes


Redhall
::Redhall


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations|Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations]]


Joppa Quarries
::Joppa Quarries


Niddrie
::Niddrie


Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products
== Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products ==


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness|Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness]]


Carmyllie and Leoch
::Carmyllie and Leoch


Caithness
::Caithness


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of West Lothian|Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian]]


Binny
::Binny


Hermand
::Hermand


Dalmeny
::Dalmeny


Humble
::Humbie


Craigton
::Craigton


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of Fife|Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife]]


Grange
::Grange


Newbigging
::Newbigging


Cuhalo
::Cuhalo


Clunevar
::Clunevar


Fordell
::Fordell


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas]]


Bishopbriggs Quarries
::Bishopbriggs Quarries


Kenmure and Huntershill
::Kenmure and Huntershill


Plean
::Plean


Dullatur
::Dullatur


Polmaise
::Polmaise


Dunmore
::Dunmore


Giffnock
::Giffnock


Braehead
::Braehead


Auchintea
::Auchintea


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England|Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England]]


Swinton and Whitsome Newton
::Swinton and Whitsome Newton


Fairloans
::Fairloans


Doddington
::Doddington


Craggo
::Craggo


Blaxter
::Blaxter


Darney
::Darney


Prudham
::Prudham


Gunnerton
::Gunnerton


Dunhouse
::Dunhouse


Stainton
::Stainton


Catcastle
::Catcastle


Wewield
::Wewield


Stoke Hall
::Stoke Hall


Stanton Moor
::Stanton Moor


Stancliffe
::Stancliffe


Springwell
::Springwell


Woodkirk
::Woodkirk


Heworthburn
::Heworthburn


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria]]


Locharbriggs
::Locharbriggs


Corncockle
::Corncockle


Gatetawbridge
::Gatetawbridge


Closeburn
::Closeburn


Corsehill
::Corsehill


Lazonby
::Lazonby


Moat
::Moat


[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]]
:[[Building stones in Edinburgh from the Permian and Triassic New Red Sandstone of Moray|Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray]]


Clashach
::Clashach


Spynie
::Spynie


References
:References


Appendix 1 Glossary
== [[Glossary of terms relating to building stones of Edinburgh|Appendix 1 Glossary]] ==


[[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]]
== [[Sandstone quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - locations and stratigraphy|Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy]] ==


[[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]]
== [[Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings - alphabetical list by building|Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings]] ==


Appendix 4 dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries appendix properties of building stones:
== [[Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected Edinburgh sandstone quarries|Appendix 4 Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries]] ==


A. Comparative table of data
== [[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]] ==


[[Building stones of Edinburgh: tests and properties|Appendix 5 Properties of building stones]]
:B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones


B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
:C. Bibliography


C. Bibliography
== Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries ==


Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries
Index


Index
[[Category:Edinburgh Geological Society]]
[[category:Building stones]]

Latest revision as of 15:48, 8 November 2015

From: McMillan, A.A., Gillanders, R.J. and Fairhurst, J.A. 1999 Building stones of Edinburgh. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Geological Society.

The contents of this guidebook have been converted for EarthwiseTM


Contents

Foreword

Contents

Preface to the 2nd Edition


Chapter 1 the City of Edinburgh and its geological backdrop

Building stones of Edinburgh: Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings

Chapter 2 the geological characteristics of building stones

Introduction
Sedimentary rocks
Sandstones
Bedding characteristics
Sedimentary structures in sandstones
Joints
Classification of sandstones: mineralogy, grain and cement composition and colour
Weathering
Limestones
Igneous rocks
Metamorphic rocks
Slate
Marble
References

Chapter 3 Stratigraphy and origin of sandstones used in Edinburgh

Geological setting
Scottish Devonian sandstone ('Old Red Sandstone')
Sandstones of Angus
Caithness Flagstones
Carboniferous sandstone of the Midland Valley of Scotland
Inyerclyde Group
Kinnesswood Formation
Ballagan Formation
Strathclyde Group
Arthur's Seat Volcanic Formation and Gullane Formation
West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
Clackmannan Group
Lower Limestone Formation
Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Passage Formation
Coal Measures

Permian and Triassic Sandstone ('New Red Sandstone') of Dumfries & Galloway and Ayrshire

Appleby Group
Locharbriggs Sandstone Formation
Thornhill Sandstone Formation
Corncockle Sandstone Formation
Mauchline Sandstone Formation
Sherwood Sandstone Group
St Bees Sandstone Formation
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of Moray
Carboniferous sandstone from the Scottish Borders and England
Lower Carboniferous
Cementstone Group
Fell Sandstone Group
Scremerston Coal Group
Lower and Middle Limestone Groups
Millstone Grit
Coal Measures
Permian and Triassic Sandstone New Red Sandstone of England
References

Chapter 4 Tests on building stones

History
Current methods of testing
Tests used as indicators of durability
Porosity
Water absorption
Saturation coefficient
Acid immersion test
Sodium sulphate crystallisation test
The mechanical properties of stone
Strength tests
Uniaxial or unconfined compression test
The point-load test
Hardness
References

Chapter 5 Quarrying methods

Working of the stone
Organisation of work
The workmen
References

Chapter 6 The use and availability of sandstone in Edinburgh

Methods of walling
Surface finishes
Smoothed ashlar
Droved (boasted) work
Tooled work
Stugged (punched) work
Broached work
Rock-faced (bull-faced, pitch-faced, rusticated) work
Vermiculated work
Cladding
Use of different stone in the same building
Availability of stone: an historical perspective
References

Chapter 7 Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: Part 1. Edinburgh's quarries and their building stone products

Stone from the Kinnesswood Formation

Burgh Muir (Meadows and Bruntsheld) and Grange Quarries

Craigmillar and Hawkhill Wood Quarries

Stone from the Ballagan Formation
The 'Salisbury' Quarries (Camstone and Dumbiedykes)
Salisbury Crags Quarries
Greyfriar's Port Quarries
Other Old Town Quarries
Stone from the Gullane Formation
Craigleith
Maidencraig
Barnton Park
Ravelston
Craigcrook
Granton Quarries
Bearford's Quarries
Upper Quarry Holes (London Road Quarries) and Lower (Nether) Quarry Holes
Quarries In the West End of the New Town
Broughton Quarries
Stone from the West Lothian Oil-Shale Formation
Ravelston No. 2 and Ravelston Black
Leith Hill
Wardie
Hailes
Redhall
Stone from the Limestone Coal and Upper Limestone Formations
Joppa Quarries
Niddrie

Chapter 8. Where to see sandstones in Edinburgh's buildings: part .2 Scottish and English quarries and their building stone products

Stone from the Devonian of Angus and Caithness
Carmyllie and Leoch
Caithness
Stone from the Carboniferous of West Lothian
Binny
Hermand
Dalmeny
Humbie
Craigton
Stone from the Carboniferous of Fife
Grange
Newbigging
Cuhalo
Clunevar
Fordell
Stone from the Carboniferous of the Stirling and Glasgow areas
Bishopbriggs Quarries
Kenmure and Huntershill
Plean
Dullatur
Polmaise
Dunmore
Giffnock
Braehead
Auchintea
Stone from the Carboniferous of the Scottish Borders and England
Swinton and Whitsome Newton
Fairloans
Doddington
Craggo
Blaxter
Darney
Prudham
Gunnerton
Dunhouse
Stainton
Catcastle
Wewield
Stoke Hall
Stanton Moor
Stancliffe
Springwell
Woodkirk
Heworthburn
Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Dumfries & Galloway and Cumbria
Locharbriggs
Corncockle
Gatetawbridge
Closeburn
Corsehill
Lazonby
Moat
Stone from the Permian and Triassic (New Red Sandstone) of Moray
Clashach
Spynie
References

Appendix 1 Glossary

Appendix 2 Sandstone quarries: locations and stratigraphy

Appendix 3 Quarry sources for Edinburgh's buildings

Appendix 4 Dates of operation and peak numbers employed in selected sandstone quarries

Appendix 5 Properties of building stones

B. Localities, descriptions and properties of building stones
C. Bibliography

Appendix 6 fossil trees from Craigleith, Granton and Redhall quarries

Index

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