Dbk: /* Geological models */

2019-12-02T15:34:17Z

Geological models

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	==Geological models==		==Geological models==
	BGS has updated 3-dimensional geological framework models of the superficial and bedrock geology ([[Media:OR19032fig3.jpg \|see also Figure 3]], 6), integrating a wide range of available data and knowledge. These models are currently progressing through a quality control system and will be released shortly. They will be continually updated as new data emerges during borehole drilling. Stochastic models of the superficial deposits also exist (e.g. Kearsey et al., 2015<ref name="Kearsey 2015">KEARSEY, T, WILLIAMS, J, FINLAYSON, A, WILLIAMSON, P, DOBBS, M, MARCHANT, B, KINGDON, A, and CAMPBELL, S D. 2015. Testing the application and limitation of stochastic simulations to predict the lithology of glacial and fluvial deposits in Central Glasgow, UK. ''Engineering Geology'', 187. 98–112. 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.017.</ref>). The geological framework models form the basis for mine, hydrogeological and thermal models.		BGS has updated 3-dimensional geological framework models of the superficial and bedrock geology ([[Media:OR19032fig3.jpg \|see also Figure 3]], 6), integrating a wide range of available data and knowledge. These models are currently progressing through a quality control system and will be released shortly. They will be continually updated as new data emerges during borehole drilling. Stochastic models of the superficial deposits also exist (e.g. Kearsey et al., 2015<ref name="Kearsey 2015"></ref>). The geological framework models form the basis for mine, hydrogeological and thermal models.

	==References==		==References==

Dbk at 07:37, 25 June 2019

2019-06-25T07:37:00Z

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	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

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	[[Category:OR/19/032 UK Geoenergy Observatories: Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site - Science infrastructure Version 2 \| 04]]		[[Category:OR/19/032 UK Geoenergy Observatories: Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site - Science infrastructure Version 2 \| 04]]

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2019-06-25T07:33:11Z

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Ajhil: /* Bedrock geology */

2019-06-13T08:34:25Z

Bedrock geology

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__NOTOC__
{{OR/19/032}}
==Site location==
The Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site is located on the western side of the Central Coalfield of the Midland Valley of Scotland. It is located within glacial and post-glacial Quaternary superficial deposits overlain by a variable thickness of artificial (made) ground. These deposits rest on approximately 300 m of Scottish Coal Measures Group bedrock. Underlying this are the older Carboniferous strata of the Clackmannan and Strathclyde groups, which are hundreds of metres thick. The prior industrial land use has left a legacy of abandoned, flooded mine workings and a variety of artificial ground forming the current land surface.

==Quaternary geology==
A complex succession of Quaternary superficial deposits covers the research area, including widespread glacial till and marine, lacustrine and fluvio-glacial deposits, overlain by fluvial deposits, recent alluvium and anthropogenic (man-made) deposits.

The Quaternary deposits are of variable thickness, up to 30 m. The upper surface of bedrock is incised, with thicker accumulations of superficial deposits infilling a broadly NW–SE trending channel following the modern day River Clyde. There is widespread made, filled and landscaped ground relating to a variety of prior industrial land use, in some places this is 10–15 m thick. Table 1 summarises the sequence.

<center>
{| class="wikitable"
<span id="Table 1"></span>
|+ Table 1    Summary of superficial deposits and artificial ground sequence in the Clyde Gateway area.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | '''Code'''
| ! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | '''Equivalent description on 1:10 000 scale published map'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #99ccff;" | Water
| Unattributed polygons
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #6e4c33;" | Made Ground
| Made Ground, Made Ground and Worked Ground, Infilled Ground
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #daae74;" | Peat
| Peat — blanket or basin peat, Flandrian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #fefeae;" | Law Sand and Gravel Member
| Alluvium — modern river floodplains — located along the upper reaches and tributaries to the River Clyde, Flandrian. Also includes some Alluvial Fan Deposits, Flandrian and some River Terrace Deposits, Flandrian.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #fefeae;" | Gourock Sand Member
| Marine Deposits — located along the lower reaches of the River Clyde, Flandrian and Alluvium — modern river floodplains — along the upper reaches of the River Clyde, Flandrian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #fe5332;" | Killearn Sand and Gravel Member
| Generally Raised Marine Deposits, Devensian, Raised Marine Deltaic Deposits, Devensian or Raised Marine Intertidal and Subtidal Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #a3f08c;" | Paisley Clay Member
| Generally Raised Marine Deposits, Devensian or Raised Marine Intertidal and Subtidal Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #feae00;" | Bridgeton Sand Member
| Largely concealed beneath younger deposits, where present, exposures usually represented as Raised Marine Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #ffeff8;" | Ross Sand Member
| Glaciolacustrine Deposits, Devensian Glaciolacustrine Deltaic Deposits, Devensian or Glaciofluvial Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #ffeff8;" | Ross Sand Member (silt, sand)
| Largely concealed beneath younger deposits, identified at depth from borehole data, rare exposures represented as Glaciolacustrine Deposits, Devensian or Glaciolacustrine Deltaic Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #fec8fe;" | Broomhouse Sand and Gravel Formation (sand and gravel)
| Largely concealed beneath younger deposits, where present, exposures usually represented as Glaciofluvial Deposits, Devensian, but also as Glaciofluvial Ice-Contact Deposits, Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #fec8fe;" | Broomhouse Sand and Gravel Formation (sand)
| Not recorded on the maps in the Clyde Gateway area (concealed beneath younger deposits), identified at depth from borehole data
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #53cbfd;" | Wilderness Till Formation
| Till — Devensian
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="background-color: #ffaba5;" | Cadder Sand and Gravel Formation
| Generally concealed beneath younger deposits, identified at depth from borehole data, rare exposures represented as Glaciofluvial Deposits, Devensian
|}
</center>
The precise relationships between the Quaternary deposits are complex, varying laterally and vertically across short distances (Figure 4), making extrapolation difficult in areas where borehole data are sparse or absent. For that reason, both interpretative and stochastic modelling has been undertaken.

[[Image:OR19032fig4.jpg|thumb|center|600px| '''Figure 4'''    Example SSW–NNE cross-section of superficial deposits in the vicinity of the research site. Vertical exaggeration x 3. Borehole constraint points shown in red. Ground surface derived from NEXTMap Britain elevation data from Intermap Technologies. ]]

Further information is available from Kearsey et al. (2015)<ref name="Kearsey 2015">KEARSEY, T, WILLIAMS, J, FINLAYSON, A, WILLIAMSON, P, DOBBS, M, MARCHANT, B, KINGDON, A, and CAMPBELL, S.D. 2015. Testing the application and limitation of stochastic simulations to predict the lithology of glacial and fluvial deposits in Central Glasgow, UK. ''Engineering Geology'', 187. 98–112. 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.017.</ref>, Monaghan et al. (2013)<ref name="Monaghan 2013">MONAGHAN, A A, ARKLEY, S L B, WHITBREAD, K, and MCCORMAC, M. 2013. Clyde superficial deposits and bedrock models released to the ASK Network 2014: a guide for users Version 3. ''British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/14/013''. 35pp. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/505554/</ref>, Monaghan et al. (2017)<ref name="Monaghan 2017">MONAGHAN, A A, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B, FORDYCE, F, LOVELESS, S, ENTWISLE, D, QUINN, M, SMITH, K, ELLEN, R, ARKLEY, S, KEARSEY, T, CAMPBELL, SDG, FELLGETT, M, and MOSCA, I. 2017. UKGEOS — Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site (GGERFS): Initial summary of the geological platform. ''British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/17/006''. 205pp. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/518636/ </ref>, Arkley (2018)<ref name="Arkley 2018">ARKLEY, S. 2018. Model Metadata Report for the Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site Superficial Deposits Model. ''British Geological Survey Open Report, OR/18/064''. 54pp.</ref>.

==Bedrock geology==
Geological maps and borehole data are available to view on the BGS GeoIndex Onshore. Data from mine abandonment plans includes extent, depth, working type, faults etc. for the stack of seven worked coal seams. The mine workings date from 1810–1934 with total extraction and stoop and room workings shown. It is expected that total extraction areas collapsed within a few years of mining to form a waste, and that the mines will be flooded.

Bedrock strata that will be accessed by the facility are the Scottish Upper, Middle and Lower Coal Measures formations of the Westphalian Scottish Coal Measures Group (e.g. Table 2; Figure 5). These lithologically variable sedimentary rocks are well documented by borehole records and correlated using coal seams and marine bands.

Analysis of borehole, mine abandonment plan, map and legacy 2D seismic data to the north- east of the Clyde Gateway shows gently folded synclinal structures dissected by faults on a range of orientations (Figure 6). To the southeast of the study area the NW–SE trending Dechmont Fault is a major basin-bounding structure. E–W trending structures such as the Rutherglen, Shettleston and Great Dyke faults dissect the succession with smaller NNE to N trending structures.

<center>
{| class="wikitable"
<span id="Table 2"></span>
|+ Table 2    Approximate predicted depths to mined coals and stratigraphic boundaries at one of the proposed borehole locations (GGERFS01).
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | '''Approximate predicted depth relative to OD, metres, Location 01'''
| ! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | '''Stratigraphy'''
|-
| -34
| Glasgow Upper Coal (workings)
|-
| -66
| Glasgow Ell Coal (workings)
|-
| -72
| Glasgow Main Coal (workings)
|-
| -91
| Humph Coal (workings)
|-
| -100
| Glasgow Splint Coal (workings)
|-
| -104
| Virgin Coal
|-
| -123
| Airdrie Blackband Coal
|-
| -161
| Airdrie Virtuewell
|-
| -167
| Kiltongue Coal (workings)
|-
| -177
| Base Coal Measures Group
|}
</center>

[[Image:OR19032fig5.jpg|thumb|center|300px| '''Figure 5'''    Borehole prognosis for site 01 based on surrounding borehole records, mine abandonment plans and BGS 3D modelling (2018 model version). Yellow indicates sandstone, black and white fill indicates mined coal seams. ]]
[[Image:OR19032fig6.jpg|thumb|center|500px| '''Figure 6'''    Contoured depth grid (m relative to Ordnance Datum) for the base of Glasgow Main Coal, horizon exported from the geological model as described in Burkin & Kearsey (2018)<ref name="Burkin 2018">BURKIN, J, and KEARSEY, T. 2018. Model metadata report for the GGERFS initial bedrock model ''BGS Open Report OR/18/053''. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/522737 </ref>. Contains Ordnance Survey data © Crown copyright and database rights. All rights reserved [2019] Ordnance Survey [100021290 EUL]. ]]

Further information available from: BGS (2007)<ref name="BGS 2007">BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 2007. 1:10 000 scale superficial deposits map of NS66SW. </ref>, Monaghan et al. (2013), Monaghan et al. (2017)<ref name="Monaghan 2017"></ref>, Burkin and Kearsey (2018)<ref name="Burkin 2018"></ref>.

==Geological models==
BGS has updated 3-dimensional geological framework models of the superficial and bedrock geology ([[Media:OR19032fig3.jpg |see also Figure 3]], 6), integrating a wide range of available data and knowledge. These models are currently progressing through a quality control system and will be released shortly. They will be continually updated as new data emerges during borehole drilling. Stochastic models of the superficial deposits also exist (e.g. Kearsey et al., 2015<ref name="Kearsey 2015">KEARSEY, T, WILLIAMS, J, FINLAYSON, A, WILLIAMSON, P, DOBBS, M, MARCHANT, B, KINGDON, A, and CAMPBELL, S D. 2015. Testing the application and limitation of stochastic simulations to predict the lithology of glacial and fluvial deposits in Central Glasgow, UK. ''Engineering Geology'', 187. 98–112. 10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.12.017.</ref>). The geological framework models form the basis for mine, hydrogeological and thermal models.

==References==
{{reflist}}

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[[Category:OR/19/032 UK Geoenergy Observatories: Glasgow Geothermal Energy Research Field Site - Science infrastructure Version 2 | 04]]

OR/19/032 Geology - Revision history

Dbk: /* Geological models */

Dbk at 07:37, 25 June 2019

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Ajhil: /* Bedrock geology */