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	[[Category: OR/17/024 UPGro hidden crisis research consortium (Unravelling past failures for future success in rural water supply) \| 07]]		[[Category: OR/17/024 UPGro hidden crisis research consortium: Unravelling past failures for future success in rural water supply - Survey 1 Country Report - Ethiopia \| 07]]

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Functionality performance — including water quality

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__NOTOC__
{{OR/17/024}}
{| cellspacing="8" cellpadding="8"
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| style="width: 1100px;" |
[[Image:header_image.jpg|frameless|right|300px|]]
|}

The results of Survey 1 in Ethiopia, representing the functionality of boreholes equipped with handpumps in Woredas underlain by igneous rocks (404 Woredas mainly in the Ethiopian Highlands) are summarised below.

<center>
{| class="wikitable"
| '''Functionality performance level'''
| '''% pass'''
|-
| '''Basic''' — working (yes/no)
| 82
|-
| '''Snapshot''' — provides sufficient yield (10 L/min)
| 59
|-
| '''Functionality performance''' — sufficient yield and reliability (<30 days downtime in last year)
| 45
|-
| '''Functionality including water quality'''(passes WHO inorganic parameters, and TTC)
| 28
|}
</center>

The ‘Basic’ and ‘Snapshot’ assessments reflect the requirements of national survey assessments, whilst the more performance-focussed definitions are more relevant to local or regional surveys looking to track the functionality of individual water points or programmes through time.

The results of the basic survey (82%) are consistent with the estimates from the National WASH inventory. The more comprehensive assessments of functionality performance which include yield and reliability are considerably lower.

Water quality is considered a service issue rather than strictly functionality. We used the strict WHO standard of a failure being any measured TTC in the water, rather than a risk-based approach which would prioritise much higher concentrations of TTCs.

===Basic functionality===
[[Image:OR17024fig3.jpg|thumb|center|350px| '''Figure 3'''    Functionality assessed as working or not working. ]]

[[Image:OR17024fig4.jpg|thumb|center|350px| '''Figure 4'''    Functionality assessed as working with sufficient yield (10 L/min). ]]

===Functionality performance===
[[Image:OR17024fig5.jpg|thumb|center|350px| '''Figure 5'''    Functionality performance — sufficient yield (>10 L/min) and reliability (<30 days downtime in the last year). ]]

===Functionality performance — including water quality===
[[Image:OR17024fig6.jpg|thumb|center|350px| '''Figure 6'''    Functionality performance, including water quality. Failure to meet WHO inorganic water quality parameters denoted by stipple overlay; failure to meet WHO TTC standards denoted by line overlay; failure to meet both denoted by dashed overlay. ]]

<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2    Percentage of the HPBs affected by different types of water quality issues. A significant proportion of HPBs are shown to have thermo-tolerant coliforms (TTC) in excess of the WHO drinking water standard
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| colspan="5" | '''Water quality issues (%)'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| ! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" |
| '''none'''
| '''TTC'''
| '''Inorganic'''
| '''both'''
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''fully functioning'''
| ! scope="col" style="width: 75px;" | 27.5
| ! scope="col" style="width: 75px;" | 15.2
| ! scope="col" style="width: 75px;" | 2.3
| ! scope="col" style="width: 75px;" | 0
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''good yield, unreliable'''
| 9.9
| 3.5
| 0
| 0.6
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''poor yield'''
| 7.5
| 2.9
| 0.6
| 0
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''poor yield, poor reliability'''
| 7.8
| 2.4
| 1.2
| 0.6
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
| '''no Flow — not tested'''
| colspan="4" | '''18'''
|}
</center>
[[Category: OR/17/024 UPGro hidden crisis research consortium (Unravelling past failures for future success in rural water supply) | 07]]

OR/17/024 Survey 1 Results, Ethiopia - Revision history

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Ajhil: /* Functionality performance — including water quality */