http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=OR%2F17%2F006_HydrogeologyOR/17/006 Hydrogeology - Revision history2026-04-17T14:42:30ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.42.3http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Hydrogeology&diff=44764&oldid=prevDbk: /* Quaternary aquifer */2019-12-12T15:32:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Quaternary aquifer</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:32, 12 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other Quaternary geological units in Glasgow are likely to be less significant hydrogeologically, because they are typically thinner, laterally restricted and/or have relatively low permeability. Where minor permeable (gravel and sand-dominated) units occur they may allow local groundwater storage and flow, and where they directly over- or under-lie one of the main three aquifer units they may contribute to overall groundwater storage and flow in the main aquifer, but they are not likely to be significant at a city scale.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other Quaternary geological units in Glasgow are likely to be less significant hydrogeologically, because they are typically thinner, laterally restricted and/or have relatively low permeability. Where minor permeable (gravel and sand-dominated) units occur they may allow local groundwater storage and flow, and where they directly over- or under-lie one of the main three aquifer units they may contribute to overall groundwater storage and flow in the main aquifer, but they are not likely to be significant at a city scale.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Quaternary aquifer is overlain by widespread, highly heterogeneous anthropogenic deposits, and the surface land cover is heavily urbanised. The generally high permeability and widely unconfined nature of the upper parts of the aquifer mean that it is likely to accept potential recharge reaching its upper surface. Preliminary modelling estimated average long term recharge from rainfall to the aquifer at 275&nbsp;mm/year (Turner et al., 2015<ref name="Turner 2015"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">TURNER, R J, MANSOUR, M M, DEARDEN, R, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B E, and HUGHES, A G. 2015. Improved understanding of groundwater flow in complex superficial deposits using three-dimensional geological-framework and groundwater models: an example from Glasgow, Scotland (UK). ''Hydrogeology Journal'' Vol.&nbsp;23 (3), 493–506</del></ref>). This model took into account some urban processes, specifically runoff from paved surfaces, and sewer leakages, but did not take all urban processes into account. Groundwater is likely to recharge to the Quaternary aquifer from a number of sources as well as directly from rainfall: by groundwater inflow from the upstream Quaternary aquifer; from lateral shallow groundwater flow from adjacent Quaternary units, including the Wilderness Till Formation; from leakage from mains water pipes; and potentially by upward flowing groundwater from the underlying Carboniferous bedrock.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Quaternary aquifer is overlain by widespread, highly heterogeneous anthropogenic deposits, and the surface land cover is heavily urbanised. The generally high permeability and widely unconfined nature of the upper parts of the aquifer mean that it is likely to accept potential recharge reaching its upper surface. Preliminary modelling estimated average long term recharge from rainfall to the aquifer at 275&nbsp;mm/year (Turner et al., 2015<ref name="Turner 2015"></ref>). This model took into account some urban processes, specifically runoff from paved surfaces, and sewer leakages, but did not take all urban processes into account. Groundwater is likely to recharge to the Quaternary aquifer from a number of sources as well as directly from rainfall: by groundwater inflow from the upstream Quaternary aquifer; from lateral shallow groundwater flow from adjacent Quaternary units, including the Wilderness Till Formation; from leakage from mains water pipes; and potentially by upward flowing groundwater from the underlying Carboniferous bedrock.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the city scale, groundwater level elevations show that overall groundwater flow directions through the Quaternary aquifer are down-valley, from south-east to north-west. There is also evidence from groundwater-river level relationships of a component of flow convergent towards the River Clyde from the edge of the aquifer. This is likely to include groundwater discharge to the Clyde. Local reversal of this convergent flow in one area in centre-west Glasgow has also been observed, driven by a groundwater level gradient from the river into the aquifer for at least 50 m distance away from the river. On a very local scale, extensive buried infrastructure (e.g. building and quay walls, engineered river banks) is also likely to influence groundwater flow (Ó Dochartaigh et al., in review<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh in review">Ó DOCHARTAIGH B, BONSOR, H, and BRICKER, S. In review. The Quaternary groundwater system in Glasgow. ''Earth and Environmental Science: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh''.</ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the city scale, groundwater level elevations show that overall groundwater flow directions through the Quaternary aquifer are down-valley, from south-east to north-west. There is also evidence from groundwater-river level relationships of a component of flow convergent towards the River Clyde from the edge of the aquifer. This is likely to include groundwater discharge to the Clyde. Local reversal of this convergent flow in one area in centre-west Glasgow has also been observed, driven by a groundwater level gradient from the river into the aquifer for at least 50 m distance away from the river. On a very local scale, extensive buried infrastructure (e.g. building and quay walls, engineered river banks) is also likely to influence groundwater flow (Ó Dochartaigh et al., in review<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh in review">Ó DOCHARTAIGH B, BONSOR, H, and BRICKER, S. In review. The Quaternary groundwater system in Glasgow. ''Earth and Environmental Science: Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh''.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbkhttp://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Hydrogeology&diff=44763&oldid=prevDbk: /* Carboniferous aquifer */2019-12-12T15:31:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Carboniferous aquifer</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Carboniferous aquifer===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Carboniferous aquifer===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No numerical modelling of groundwater in bedrock aquifers in Glasgow has been undertaken by BGS or as documented in published literature. The limited available information suggests that the hydrogeology of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers is complex. The aquifers are likely to be moderately productive, to contain significant amounts of groundwater, and to be dominated by fracture flow, and it is likely that groundwater flow paths are relatively deep and long. Hall et al. (1998)<ref name="Hall 1998"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">HALL, I H S, BROWNE, M A E, and FORSYTH, I H. 1998. Geology of the Glasgow district. ''Memoir of the British Geological Survey'', Sheet 30E (Scotland). ISBN 0-11-884534-9.</del></ref> concluded that Glasgow is the focal point for much of the groundwater discharge from the Central Coalfield, with prevailing groundwater flow from the east, north-east and south-east. However, this hypothesis was not well constrained by hydrogeological data, because of the lack of groundwater level measurements for groundwater in the Carboniferous aquifers in the Glasgow area. The limited available data on groundwater chemistry in the Carboniferous indicates that groundwater is often naturally moderately to highly mineralised, with abundant iron and manganese in solution (Hall et al., 1998<ref name="Hall 1998"></ref>; Robins, 1986<ref name="Robins 1986">ROBINS, N S. 1986. Groundwater chemistry of the main aquifers in Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Report'' 18, No.&nbsp;2. ISBN 0-11-884380-X.</ref>; Ball, 1999<ref name="Ball 1999">BALL, D F. 1999. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Technical Report'' WD/99/44.</ref>). Extensive mining and post-mining measures in Glasgow are likely to have led to significant changes in the natural groundwater regime, increasing the complexity of groundwater flow and possibly reducing natural groundwater quality. Mine dewatering declined over the 20th century and ended in the 1980s (Ó Dochartaigh, 2005<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh 2005">Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B É. 2005. Review of hydrogeological knowledge of the Clyde Basin. ''British Geological Survey Internal Report'' IR/05/079.</ref>), and it is probable that groundwater levels rose over and after this period, but there is no modern monitoring of groundwater levels in the bedrock. Anecdotally, rising groundwater levels, poor groundwater quality, and other mining-related issues are not a problem in Glasgow (Ó Dochartaigh, 2005<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh 2005"></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No numerical modelling of groundwater in bedrock aquifers in Glasgow has been undertaken by BGS or as documented in published literature. The limited available information suggests that the hydrogeology of the Carboniferous sedimentary aquifers is complex. The aquifers are likely to be moderately productive, to contain significant amounts of groundwater, and to be dominated by fracture flow, and it is likely that groundwater flow paths are relatively deep and long. Hall et al. (1998)<ref name="Hall 1998"></ref> concluded that Glasgow is the focal point for much of the groundwater discharge from the Central Coalfield, with prevailing groundwater flow from the east, north-east and south-east. However, this hypothesis was not well constrained by hydrogeological data, because of the lack of groundwater level measurements for groundwater in the Carboniferous aquifers in the Glasgow area. The limited available data on groundwater chemistry in the Carboniferous indicates that groundwater is often naturally moderately to highly mineralised, with abundant iron and manganese in solution (Hall et al., 1998<ref name="Hall 1998"></ref>; Robins, 1986<ref name="Robins 1986">ROBINS, N S. 1986. Groundwater chemistry of the main aquifers in Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Report'' 18, No.&nbsp;2. ISBN 0-11-884380-X.</ref>; Ball, 1999<ref name="Ball 1999">BALL, D F. 1999. An overview of groundwater in Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Technical Report'' WD/99/44.</ref>). Extensive mining and post-mining measures in Glasgow are likely to have led to significant changes in the natural groundwater regime, increasing the complexity of groundwater flow and possibly reducing natural groundwater quality. Mine dewatering declined over the 20th century and ended in the 1980s (Ó Dochartaigh, 2005<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh 2005">Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B É. 2005. Review of hydrogeological knowledge of the Clyde Basin. ''British Geological Survey Internal Report'' IR/05/079.</ref>), and it is probable that groundwater levels rose over and after this period, but there is no modern monitoring of groundwater levels in the bedrock. Anecdotally, rising groundwater levels, poor groundwater quality, and other mining-related issues are not a problem in Glasgow (Ó Dochartaigh, 2005<ref name="Ó Dochartaigh 2005"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The likely active flow of groundwater in the Carboniferous bedrock aquifer means there is likely to be hydraulic connection between it and the overlying Quaternary aquifer system. However, there are no observed data to characterise or quantify any such connection.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The likely active flow of groundwater in the Carboniferous bedrock aquifer means there is likely to be hydraulic connection between it and the overlying Quaternary aquifer system. However, there are no observed data to characterise or quantify any such connection.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbkhttp://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Hydrogeology&diff=36774&oldid=prevDbk: 1 revision imported2018-04-16T14:37:14Z<p>1 revision imported</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:37, 16 April 2018</td>
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</td></tr></table>Dbkhttp://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Hydrogeology&diff=36773&oldid=prevAjhil: /* Quaternary aquifer */2018-03-15T13:57:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Quaternary aquifer</span></span></p>
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