http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=OR%2F17%2F006_Geochemistry_and_land_qualityOR/17/006 Geochemistry and land quality - Revision history2026-04-14T18:12:51ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.42.3http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Geochemistry_and_land_quality&diff=44762&oldid=prevDbk at 15:27, 12 December 20192019-12-12T15:27:48Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:27, 12 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the basis of the BGS geochemistry datasets, the chemical quality of stream sediment, stream water and soil is summarised as follows. In the absence of major changes in land use, the distribution of the majority of these chemical substances in soils and stream sediments are fairly stable through time; hence although the BGS surveys were carried out over 10 years ago; the results are likely to be representative of conditions on the ground today. Stream water chemistry is more variable through time and the data presented here are a spatial snapshot ([[OR/17/006 Geochemistry and land quality#Stream water quality |''See'' Stream water quality]]). Maps of parameter concentrations in BGS stream sediment, stream water and soil across the Clyde Gateway area are presented in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On the basis of the BGS geochemistry datasets, the chemical quality of stream sediment, stream water and soil is summarised as follows. In the absence of major changes in land use, the distribution of the majority of these chemical substances in soils and stream sediments are fairly stable through time; hence although the BGS surveys were carried out over 10 years ago; the results are likely to be representative of conditions on the ground today. Stream water chemistry is more variable through time and the data presented here are a spatial snapshot ([[OR/17/006 Geochemistry and land quality#Stream water quality |''See'' Stream water quality]]). Maps of parameter concentrations in BGS stream sediment, stream water and soil across the Clyde Gateway area are presented in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When considering land quality it is useful to make comparisons to environmental guideline values that exist to protect ecosystems, aquatic bodies and plant animal and human health from exposure to PHS in the surface environment. The guidelines used for comparison in this assessment are outlined in Table 19. The soil quality guidelines are designed to protect against human exposure to soil and are land use specific. Called either generic assessment soil guideline values (SGV) or soil screening levels (SSL) these criteria represent the values below which land is not considered to be contaminated. Exceedance of the guideline does not mean that land is contaminated, rather that further investigations need to be carried out (EA, 2009<ref name="EA 2009"></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When considering land quality it is useful to make comparisons to environmental guideline values that exist to protect ecosystems, aquatic bodies and plant animal and human health from exposure to PHS in the surface environment. The guidelines used for comparison in this assessment are outlined in Table 19. The soil quality guidelines are designed to protect against human exposure to soil and are land use specific. Called either generic assessment soil guideline values (SGV) or soil screening levels (SSL) these criteria represent the values below which land is not considered to be contaminated. Exceedance of the guideline does not mean that land is contaminated, rather that further investigations need to be carried out (EA, 2009<ref name="EA 2009">EA (ENVIRONMENT AGENCY) 2009. ''Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Soil Guideline Values''. Bristol: Environment Agency. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-soil-guideline-values-sgvs Access date January 2015.</ref>; DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>EA (ENVIRONMENT AGENCY) 2009. ''Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Soil Guideline Values''. Bristol: Environment Agency. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-soil-guideline-values-sgvs Access date January 2015.</ref>; DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>).</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Soil quality===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Soil quality===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l607">Line 607:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These areas also correspond to higher topsoil chromium (Figure 71 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]), nickel (Figure 72 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]) and lead (Figure 73 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]) concentrations as a consequence of their metal processing history. Similarly, soil calcium contents are higher at these locations as lime was used in both chromite ore processing and steel production. The combination of high calcium-chromium-nickel is indicative of the presence of waste from these industries in the soils, which tends to be alkaline in nature (Figure 74 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]). In other parts of the Clyde Gateway area, higher soil-lead concentrations are reported from a former gas works site and from artificial ground over a former reservoir (Figure 73 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]); and higher soil chromium and nickel are associated with a former colliery, again reflecting historic land use (Figures 71 and 72 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These areas also correspond to higher topsoil chromium (Figure 71 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]), nickel (Figure 72 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]) and lead (Figure 73 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]) concentrations as a consequence of their metal processing history. Similarly, soil calcium contents are higher at these locations as lime was used in both chromite ore processing and steel production. The combination of high calcium-chromium-nickel is indicative of the presence of waste from these industries in the soils, which tends to be alkaline in nature (Figure 74 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]). In other parts of the Clyde Gateway area, higher soil-lead concentrations are reported from a former gas works site and from artificial ground over a former reservoir (Figure 73 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]); and higher soil chromium and nickel are associated with a former colliery, again reflecting historic land use (Figures 71 and 72 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concentrations of nickel above the UK SGV of 130&nbsp;mg/kg for residential land use (EA, 2009<ref name="EA 2009"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">EA (ENVIRONMENT AGENCY) 2009. ''Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Soil Guideline Values''. Bristol: Environment Agency. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/land-contamination-soil-guideline-values-sgvs Access date January 2015.</del></ref>) are reported at six sites; however, none are residential soils; hence the guideline is not exceeded. For lead, two allotment soils exceed the SSL of 80&nbsp;mg/kg and two residential soils exceed the SSL of 200&nbsp;mg/kg (DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>). However, this does not mean that land is contaminated, rather that further investigations may be required.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Concentrations of nickel above the UK SGV of 130&nbsp;mg/kg for residential land use (EA, 2009<ref name="EA 2009"></ref>) are reported at six sites; however, none are residential soils; hence the guideline is not exceeded. For lead, two allotment soils exceed the SSL of 80&nbsp;mg/kg and two residential soils exceed the SSL of 200&nbsp;mg/kg (DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>). However, this does not mean that land is contaminated, rather that further investigations may be required.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very high concentrations of soil-Cr (up to 4286&nbsp;mg/kg) are reported in the Shawfield area associated with the COPR waste (Figure 71 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]). Despite the presence of COPR in the area, only one allotment soil exceeds the former UK SGV of 130&nbsp;mg/kg for this land use type. Similarly, only one domestic garden soil exceeds the former UK SGV for Cr in residential soils of 200&nbsp;mg/kg (EA, 2002<ref name="EA 2002">EA (ENVIRONMENT AGENCY). 2002. ''Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Soil Guideline Values''. Bristol: Environment Agency.</ref>). In terms of toxicity, the speciation of chromium is important. Under natural conditions, chromium is normally present as the CrIII form and is an essential trace element for health. However, the CrVI hexavalent form is a known carcinogen to humans via inhalation. CrVI is rare in natural environments, but is generated by industrial processes. Therefore, the old SGVs have been superseded by SSL that take into account the speciation of Cr and the concentration of CrVI in particular (DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>). The G-BASE dataset does not contain information on the CrVI content of soil, but the former chromite ore works site at Shawfield has been the subject of much study and a major regeneration programme over the last 15 or so years. Work by Bewley et al. (2001)<ref name="Bewley 2001">BEWLEY, R J F, JEFFERIES, R, WATSON, S, and GRANGER, D. 2001. An overview of chromium contamination issues in the south- east of Glasgow and the potential for remediation. ''Environmental Geochemistry and Health'', 23, 267–71.</ref> and Hillier et al. (2003)<ref name="Hillier 2003">HILLIER, S, ROE, M J, GEELHOED, J S, FRASER, A R, FARMER, J G, and PATERSON, E. 2003. Role of quantitative mineralogical analysis in the investigation of sites contaminated by chromite ore processing residue. ''Science of the Total Environment'', 308, 195–200.</ref> revealed that the COPR material was over 10&nbsp;m thick in places and was highly alkaline and soluble and contained very high concentrations of both CrIII (up to 49&nbsp;500&nbsp;mg/kg) and CrVI (up to 15&nbsp;600&nbsp;mg/kg).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Very high concentrations of soil-Cr (up to 4286&nbsp;mg/kg) are reported in the Shawfield area associated with the COPR waste (Figure 71 in [[OR/17/006 Appendix 1 - BGS geochemical maps of the Clyde Gateway area surface environment|Appendix 1]]). Despite the presence of COPR in the area, only one allotment soil exceeds the former UK SGV of 130&nbsp;mg/kg for this land use type. Similarly, only one domestic garden soil exceeds the former UK SGV for Cr in residential soils of 200&nbsp;mg/kg (EA, 2002<ref name="EA 2002">EA (ENVIRONMENT AGENCY). 2002. ''Contaminated Land Exposure Assessment Soil Guideline Values''. Bristol: Environment Agency.</ref>). In terms of toxicity, the speciation of chromium is important. Under natural conditions, chromium is normally present as the CrIII form and is an essential trace element for health. However, the CrVI hexavalent form is a known carcinogen to humans via inhalation. CrVI is rare in natural environments, but is generated by industrial processes. Therefore, the old SGVs have been superseded by SSL that take into account the speciation of Cr and the concentration of CrVI in particular (DEFRA, 2014<ref name="DEFRA 2014"></ref>). The G-BASE dataset does not contain information on the CrVI content of soil, but the former chromite ore works site at Shawfield has been the subject of much study and a major regeneration programme over the last 15 or so years. Work by Bewley et al. (2001)<ref name="Bewley 2001">BEWLEY, R J F, JEFFERIES, R, WATSON, S, and GRANGER, D. 2001. An overview of chromium contamination issues in the south- east of Glasgow and the potential for remediation. ''Environmental Geochemistry and Health'', 23, 267–71.</ref> and Hillier et al. (2003)<ref name="Hillier 2003">HILLIER, S, ROE, M J, GEELHOED, J S, FRASER, A R, FARMER, J G, and PATERSON, E. 2003. Role of quantitative mineralogical analysis in the investigation of sites contaminated by chromite ore processing residue. ''Science of the Total Environment'', 308, 195–200.</ref> revealed that the COPR material was over 10&nbsp;m thick in places and was highly alkaline and soluble and contained very high concentrations of both CrIII (up to 49&nbsp;500&nbsp;mg/kg) and CrVI (up to 15&nbsp;600&nbsp;mg/kg).</div></td></tr>
</table>Dbkhttp://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/006_Geochemistry_and_land_quality&diff=44761&oldid=prevDbk at 15:25, 12 December 20192019-12-12T15:25:49Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:25, 12 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25">Line 25:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bedrock and quaternary geology===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bedrock and quaternary geology===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Clyde Gateway area is underlain by a sequence of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Scottish Coal Measures Group comprising repeated sequences of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, seat-earth, shale, coal and ironstone. In the River Clyde corridor, these are overlain by Quaternary alluvial superficial deposits (Browne et al., 1999<ref name="Browne 1999">BROWNE, M A E, DEAN, M T, HALL, I H S, MCADAM, A D, MONRO, S K, and CHISHOLM, J I. 1999. A lithostratigraphical framework for the Carboniferous rocks of the Midland Valley of Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Research Report'' RR/99/07.</ref>). Concentrations of PHS such as arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), fluorine (F), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), uranium (U), and selenium (Se) can be enhanced in shale, coal and ironstones relative to other rock types; hence where these crop out at surface, the soils and sediments derived from them and water that passes through them can contain elevated concentrations of these chemical elements. However, it is difficult to discern relationships between the underlying geology and soil/sediment/surface water quality in the Clyde Gateway area as the surface environment has been highly altered by human activities (Fordyce et al., 2012<ref name="Fordyce 2012"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FORDYCE, F M, NICE, S E, LISTER, T R, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B É, COOPER, R, ALLEN, M, INGHAM, M, GOWING, C, VICKERS, B P, and SCHEIB, A. 2012. Urban Soil Geochemistry of Glasgow. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'' OR/08/002. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/18009/</del></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Clyde Gateway area is underlain by a sequence of Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Scottish Coal Measures Group comprising repeated sequences of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, seat-earth, shale, coal and ironstone. In the River Clyde corridor, these are overlain by Quaternary alluvial superficial deposits (Browne et al., 1999<ref name="Browne 1999">BROWNE, M A E, DEAN, M T, HALL, I H S, MCADAM, A D, MONRO, S K, and CHISHOLM, J I. 1999. A lithostratigraphical framework for the Carboniferous rocks of the Midland Valley of Scotland. ''British Geological Survey Research Report'' RR/99/07.</ref>). Concentrations of PHS such as arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), fluorine (F), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), uranium (U), and selenium (Se) can be enhanced in shale, coal and ironstones relative to other rock types; hence where these crop out at surface, the soils and sediments derived from them and water that passes through them can contain elevated concentrations of these chemical elements. However, it is difficult to discern relationships between the underlying geology and soil/sediment/surface water quality in the Clyde Gateway area as the surface environment has been highly altered by human activities (Fordyce et al., 2012<ref name="Fordyce 2012"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Current and historic land use===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Current and historic land use===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====G-Base soil data====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====G-Base soil data====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Top (5–20&nbsp;cm) and deeper (35–50&nbsp;cm) soil samples were collected from the same locations on a systematic 500&nbsp;m grid sampling scheme across the Glasgow area by the G-BASE project in 2001–2002. This was part of a programme to characterise the chemical quality of urban soils across Glasgow. Full details of the sampling and analytical methods are provided in Fordyce et al. (2012)<ref name="Fordyce 2012"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FORDYCE, F M, NICE, S E, LISTER, T R, Ó DOCHARTAIGH, B É, COOPER, R, ALLEN, M, INGHAM, M, GOWING, C, VICKERS, B P, and</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Top (5–20&nbsp;cm) and deeper (35–50&nbsp;cm) soil samples were collected from the same locations on a systematic 500&nbsp;m grid sampling scheme across the Glasgow area by the G-BASE project in 2001–2002. This was part of a programme to characterise the chemical quality of urban soils across Glasgow. Full details of the sampling and analytical methods are provided in Fordyce et al. (2012)<ref name="Fordyce 2012"></ref>. The samples were analysed for a suite of approximately 50 inorganic chemical parameters (Table 17). The G-BASE project carried out a further phase of work to characterise soil quality across the wider Clyde Basin in 2010–2011. As part of this programme, additional sampling was carried out in the Glasgow city area to determine organic contaminant (POP) concentrations in urban topsoils (5–20&nbsp;cm). These Organic Pollutants in Urban Soil (OPUS) samples were collected from selected land use types and underwent total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), PAH and PCB analysis in addition to a full suite of inorganic parameter determinations (Table 17). Full details of the sampling and analytical methods are provided Kim et al. (In prep)<ref name="Kim In prep">KIM, AW, VANE, C H, MOSS-HAYES, V L, BERIRO, D J, NATHANAIL, C P, FORDYCE, F M, and EVERETT, P A. In Press. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in urban soils of Glasgow, UK. Earth and Environmental Science: ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh''</ref>. As a result of these surveys, there are 100 G-BASE soil samples within the Clyde Gateway buffer zone and 41 within the Clyde Gateway area (Figure 51). Of these, seven OPUS samples with POP determinations are located in the Clyde Gateway area.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> SCHEIB, A. 2012. Urban Soil Geochemistry of Glasgow. ''British Geological Survey Open Report'' OR/08/002. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/18009/</del></ref>. The samples were analysed for a suite of approximately 50 inorganic chemical parameters (Table 17). The G-BASE project carried out a further phase of work to characterise soil quality across the wider Clyde Basin in 2010–2011. As part of this programme, additional sampling was carried out in the Glasgow city area to determine organic contaminant (POP) concentrations in urban topsoils (5–20&nbsp;cm). These Organic Pollutants in Urban Soil (OPUS) samples were collected from selected land use types and underwent total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), PAH and PCB analysis in addition to a full suite of inorganic parameter determinations (Table 17). Full details of the sampling and analytical methods are provided Kim et al. (In prep)<ref name="Kim In prep">KIM, AW, VANE, C H, MOSS-HAYES, V L, BERIRO, D J, NATHANAIL, C P, FORDYCE, F M, and EVERETT, P A. In Press. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in urban soils of Glasgow, UK. Earth and Environmental Science: ''Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh''</ref>. As a result of these surveys, there are 100 G-BASE soil samples within the Clyde Gateway buffer zone and 41 within the Clyde Gateway area (Figure 51). Of these, seven OPUS samples with POP determinations are located in the Clyde Gateway area.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The numbers of BGS stream sediment, stream water and soil samples within the Clyde Gateway area are summarised in Table 18.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The numbers of BGS stream sediment, stream water and soil samples within the Clyde Gateway area are summarised in Table 18.</div></td></tr>
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