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OR/17/001 The distribution of natural radioactivity in rocks - Revision history
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http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=44337&oldid=prev
Ajhil at 13:44, 3 December 2019
2019-12-03T13:44:11Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:44, 3 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* pure evaporites are typically very low in uranium, <0.1 ppm U (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* pure evaporites are typically very low in uranium, <0.1 ppm U (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In general, much of the uranium in siliciclastic sedimentary rocks (sandstones, shales, mudrocks) is contained within resistate detrital heavy minerals (e.g. zircon, xenotime, apatite, titanite (sphene), monazite), which occur as trace components, or as inclusions preserved in major detrital minerals such as quartz, feldspars and micas (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Milodowski and Hurst, 1989<ref name="Milodowski 1989"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Milodowski, A E, and Hurst, A. 1989. The authigenesis of phosphate minerals in some Norwegian hydrocarbon reservoirs: Evidence for the mobility and redistribution of rare earth elements (REE) and Th during sandstone diagenesis. In: Miles, D L. (editor), ''Water-Rock Interaction WRI-6''. 6th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Malvern (UK), 3–12 August, 491–494.</del></ref>; Hurst and Milodowski, 1976). In carbonate rocks, the trace concentration uranium is considered to substitute in the lattice in place of calcium.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In general, much of the uranium in siliciclastic sedimentary rocks (sandstones, shales, mudrocks) is contained within resistate detrital heavy minerals (e.g. zircon, xenotime, apatite, titanite (sphene), monazite), which occur as trace components, or as inclusions preserved in major detrital minerals such as quartz, feldspars and micas (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Milodowski and Hurst, 1989<ref name="Milodowski 1989"></ref>; Hurst and Milodowski, 1976). In carbonate rocks, the trace concentration uranium is considered to substitute in the lattice in place of calcium.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organic-rich and phosphatic sediments and sedimentary rocks often host significantly higher concentrations of uranium (Table 1). Phosphorites are often enriched in uranium, with up to 700 ppm reported in some formations (cf. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Bowell et al., 2011<ref name="Bowell 2011">Bowell, R J, Grogan, J, Hutton-Ashkenny, M, Brough, C, Penman, K, and Sapsford, D J. 2011. Geometallurgy of uranium deposits. ''Minerals Engineering'', '''24''', 1305–1313.</ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>). Black shales and organic sediments (coals, lignites, peats) display a large variation in uranium content (1 to 6000 ppm: Table 1) with very high concentrations of uranium reported from some formations (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Bowell et al., 2011<ref name="Bowell 2011"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>), including localised concentrations in UK peat deposits (Ball and Milodowski, 1989<ref name="Ball 1989">Ball, T K, and Milodowski, A E. 1989. The geological, geochemical, topographical and hydrogeological characteristics of the Broubster natural analogue site, Caithness. ''British Geological Survey, Technical Report'', '''WE/89/37'''.</ref>; Basham et al., 1989<ref name="Basham 1989"></ref>; Milodowski et al., 1989<ref name="Milodowski 1989"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Milodowski, A E, Basham, I R, Hyslop, E K, and Pearce, J M. 1989. The uranium source-term mineralogy and geochemistry at the Broubster natural analogue site, Caithness. ''British Geological Survey, Technical Report'', '''WE/89/50'''.</del></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Organic-rich and phosphatic sediments and sedimentary rocks often host significantly higher concentrations of uranium (Table 1). Phosphorites are often enriched in uranium, with up to 700 ppm reported in some formations (cf. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Bowell et al., 2011<ref name="Bowell 2011">Bowell, R J, Grogan, J, Hutton-Ashkenny, M, Brough, C, Penman, K, and Sapsford, D J. 2011. Geometallurgy of uranium deposits. ''Minerals Engineering'', '''24''', 1305–1313.</ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>). Black shales and organic sediments (coals, lignites, peats) display a large variation in uranium content (1 to 6000 ppm: Table 1) with very high concentrations of uranium reported from some formations (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Bowell et al., 2011<ref name="Bowell 2011"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>), including localised concentrations in UK peat deposits (Ball and Milodowski, 1989<ref name="Ball 1989">Ball, T K, and Milodowski, A E. 1989. The geological, geochemical, topographical and hydrogeological characteristics of the Broubster natural analogue site, Caithness. ''British Geological Survey, Technical Report'', '''WE/89/37'''.</ref>; Basham et al., 1989<ref name="Basham 1989"></ref>; Milodowski et al., 1989<ref name="Milodowski 1989"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium host minerals===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium host minerals===</div></td></tr>
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Ajhil
http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=44336&oldid=prev
Ajhil at 13:42, 3 December 2019
2019-12-03T13:42:57Z
<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:42, 3 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====Uranium abundance in igneous rocks=====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====Uranium abundance in igneous rocks=====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is a lithophile element i.e. its primary occurrence in igneous rocks is generally in association with rocks containing dominantly light elements (Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>). In general, uranium content increases with magmatic fractionation (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>). Felsic igneous rocks are relatively enriched in uranium: globally, granitic and rhyolitic rocks generally contain between 2 and 15&nbsp;ppm U, and silicic alkaline rocks often have higher uranium contents (up to 26 ppm U) (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>). Some granites can be more uraniferous (Alloway, 2013<ref name="Alloway 2013"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Alloway, B J. 2013. ''Chapter 26 Uranium'', <u>In: </u>Alloway, B J. (editor), Heavy Metals in Soils, 656–577, Springer, Netherlands.</del></ref>), with up to 50 ppm U found within some Proterozoic granites in Australia (Kreutzer et al., 2010<ref name="Kreutzer 2010">Kreuzer, O P, Markwitz, V, Porwal, A K, and McCuaig, T C. 2010. A continent-wide study of Australia’s uranium potential: Part I: GIS-assisted manual prospectively analysis. ''Ore Geology Reviews'', '''38''', 334–366.</ref>). Intermediate igneous rocks typically contain between 1 and 6&nbsp;ppm U. Mafic rocks range from 0.1 to 1&nbsp;ppm U: average basalt is around 1 ppm U (Alloway, 2013<ref name="Alloway 2013"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>), whereas ultramafic igneous rocks are relatively low in uranium, usually with considerably less than 1 ppm U (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is a lithophile element i.e. its primary occurrence in igneous rocks is generally in association with rocks containing dominantly light elements (Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>). In general, uranium content increases with magmatic fractionation (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>). Felsic igneous rocks are relatively enriched in uranium: globally, granitic and rhyolitic rocks generally contain between 2 and 15&nbsp;ppm U, and silicic alkaline rocks often have higher uranium contents (up to 26 ppm U) (e.g. Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>). Some granites can be more uraniferous (Alloway, 2013<ref name="Alloway 2013"></ref>), with up to 50 ppm U found within some Proterozoic granites in Australia (Kreutzer et al., 2010<ref name="Kreutzer 2010">Kreuzer, O P, Markwitz, V, Porwal, A K, and McCuaig, T C. 2010. A continent-wide study of Australia’s uranium potential: Part I: GIS-assisted manual prospectively analysis. ''Ore Geology Reviews'', '''38''', 334–366.</ref>). Intermediate igneous rocks typically contain between 1 and 6&nbsp;ppm U. Mafic rocks range from 0.1 to 1&nbsp;ppm U: average basalt is around 1 ppm U (Alloway, 2013<ref name="Alloway 2013"></ref>; Cumberland et al., 2016<ref name="Cumberland 2016"></ref>), whereas ultramafic igneous rocks are relatively low in uranium, usually with considerably less than 1 ppm U (Wedepohl, 1978a<ref name="Wedepohl 1978a"></ref>; Basham and Kemp, 1993<ref name="Basham 1993"></ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====Uranium abundance in metamorphic rocks=====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=====Uranium abundance in metamorphic rocks=====</div></td></tr>
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Ajhil
http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=44335&oldid=prev
Ajhil: /* Thorium and its daughter radionuclides */
2019-12-03T13:42:21Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Thorium and its daughter radionuclides</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:42, 3 December 2019</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of the daughter isotopes of <sup>232</sup>Th are very short-lived but <sup>228</sup>Ra (half-life 5.75 years) can be an important component in some NORM wastes.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of the daughter isotopes of <sup>232</sup>Th are very short-lived but <sup>228</sup>Ra (half-life 5.75 years) can be an important component in some NORM wastes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:OR17001fig2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| '''Figure 2'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Schematic drawing of the 232Th decay chains showing the decay path and radionuclide half-life (nuclide half-life data taken from Bourdon et al., 2003<ref name="Bourdon 2003"><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bourdon, B, Turner, S, Henderson, G M, and Lundstrom, C C. 2003. Chapter 1: Introduction to U-series geochemistry. In: Bourdon, B, Henderson, G M, Lundstrom, C C, and Turner, S P. (Editors), ''Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry: Volume 52&nbsp;—&nbsp;Uranium-Series Geochemistry'', 1–21. The Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, U.S.A.</del></ref>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:OR17001fig2.jpg|thumb|center|500px| '''Figure 2'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Schematic drawing of the 232Th decay chains showing the decay path and radionuclide half-life (nuclide half-life data taken from Bourdon et al., 2003<ref name="Bourdon 2003"></ref>).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Thorium abundance===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Thorium abundance===</div></td></tr>
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Ajhil
http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=31160&oldid=prev
Dbk: 1 revision imported
2017-04-24T16:03:50Z
<p>1 revision imported</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:03, 24 April 2017</td>
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Dbk
http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=31159&oldid=prev
Ajhil: /* Uranium abundance */
2017-04-19T10:36:22Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Uranium abundance</span></span></p>
<a href="http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/17/001_The_distribution_of_natural_radioactivity_in_rocks&diff=31159">Show changes</a>
Ajhil