OR/15/047 Introduction - Revision history

Dbk at 09:44, 24 November 2015

2015-11-24T09:44:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 24 November 2015
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	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:~~OR15047_fig1~~.jpg\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047_fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]

Dbk at 09:44, 24 November 2015

2015-11-24T09:44:41Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 24 November 2015
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	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:OR15047_fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:OR15047_fig1.jpg\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]

Dbk at 09:44, 24 November 2015

2015-11-24T09:44:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:44, 24 November 2015
Line 5:		Line 5:
	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:~~15047_fig1~~\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:OR15047_fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]

Dbk at 09:43, 24 November 2015

2015-11-24T09:43:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 24 November 2015
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	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:~~15047fig1~~\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047_fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]

Dbk at 10:34, 20 October 2015

2015-10-20T10:34:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:34, 20 October 2015
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	The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010<ref>Wada, Y, Beek, L P H, van, van Kempen, C M, Reckman, J W T M, Vasak, S, Bierkens, M F P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 37; L20402</ref>, Seibert 2007<ref>Siebert S et al. 2007. Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome Italy.</ref>) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009<ref>Shah T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Enironmental Research Letters, 4; doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/4/3/035005</ref>). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008<ref>Struckmeier W and Richts A 2008. Groundwater resources of the World (1:25 000 000). World Wide hydrogeological mapping and assessment programme, UNESCO/BGR</ref>; CGWB 2012<ref>CGWB. 2014. Ground Water Year Book 2012–13 — India. CGWB. 100 pp</ref>). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.		The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010<ref>Wada, Y, Beek, L P H, van, van Kempen, C M, Reckman, J W T M, Vasak, S, Bierkens, M F P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 37; L20402</ref>, Seibert 2007<ref>Siebert S et al. 2007. Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome Italy.</ref>) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009<ref>Shah T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Enironmental Research Letters, 4; doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/4/3/035005</ref>). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008<ref>Struckmeier W and Richts A 2008. Groundwater resources of the World (1:25 000 000). World Wide hydrogeological mapping and assessment programme, UNESCO/BGR</ref>; CGWB 2012<ref>CGWB. 2014. Ground Water Year Book 2012–13 — India. CGWB. 100 pp</ref>). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.

	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007~~<ref>Khan M M H, Aklimunnessa K, Kabir M, Mori M. 2007. Determinants of drinking arsenic‐contaminated tubewell water in Bangladesh. ''Health Policy and Planning 2'': 335–343</ref>~~, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013<ref>Yu W, Yang Y C, Savitsky A, Alford D, Brown C, Wescoat J, Debowicz D and Robinson S. 2013. The Indus Basin of Pakistan, the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. The World Bank, Washington.</ref>); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012<ref>Rawat S and Mukherji A. 2012. The poor state of irrigation statistics in India: the case of wells and tube wells. Water Policy Highlight, IMWI‐TATA Water Policy Programme, Gujarat, India.</ref>)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013; estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

Dbk at 10:31, 20 October 2015

2015-10-20T10:31:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:31, 20 October 2015
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	The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010<ref>Wada, Y, Beek, L P H, van, van Kempen, C M, Reckman, J W T M, Vasak, S, Bierkens, M F P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 37; L20402</ref>, Seibert 2007<ref>Siebert S et al. 2007. Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome Italy.</ref>) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009<ref>Shah T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Enironmental Research Letters, 4; doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/4/3/035005</ref>). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008<ref>Struckmeier W and Richts A 2008. Groundwater resources of the World (1:25 000 000). World Wide hydrogeological mapping and assessment programme, UNESCO/BGR</ref>; CGWB 2012<ref>CGWB. 2014. Ground Water Year Book 2012–13 — India. CGWB. 100 pp</ref>). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.		The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010<ref>Wada, Y, Beek, L P H, van, van Kempen, C M, Reckman, J W T M, Vasak, S, Bierkens, M F P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 37; L20402</ref>, Seibert 2007<ref>Siebert S et al. 2007. Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome Italy.</ref>) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009<ref>Shah T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Enironmental Research Letters, 4; doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/4/3/035005</ref>). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008<ref>Struckmeier W and Richts A 2008. Groundwater resources of the World (1:25 000 000). World Wide hydrogeological mapping and assessment programme, UNESCO/BGR</ref>; CGWB 2012<ref>CGWB. 2014. Ground Water Year Book 2012–13 — India. CGWB. 100 pp</ref>). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.

	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>1 Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007<ref></ref>, Holly and Voss 2009~~<ref></ref>~~); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013<ref></ref>); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012~~<ref></ref>~~; Rawat and Mukherji 2012<ref></ref>)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007<ref>Khan M M H, Aklimunnessa K, Kabir M, Mori M. 2007. Determinants of drinking arsenic‐contaminated tubewell water in Bangladesh. ''Health Policy and Planning 2'': 335–343</ref>, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013<ref>Yu W, Yang Y C, Savitsky A, Alford D, Brown C, Wescoat J, Debowicz D and Robinson S. 2013. The Indus Basin of Pakistan, the impacts of climate risks on water and agriculture. The World Bank, Washington.</ref>); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012<ref>Rawat S and Mukherji A. 2012. The poor state of irrigation statistics in India: the case of wells and tube wells. Water Policy Highlight, IMWI‐TATA Water Policy Programme, Gujarat, India.</ref>)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014<ref>Foster S and MacDonald A M. 2014. The 'water security' dialogue: why it needs to be better informed about groundwater. ''Hydrogeology Journal'', 22; 7, 1489–1492.</ref>). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

Dbk at 10:06, 20 October 2015

2015-10-20T10:06:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:06, 20 October 2015
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	{{OR/15/047}}		{{OR/15/047}}
	The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010, Seibert ~~2011~~) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008; CGWB 2012). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.		The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010<ref>Wada, Y, Beek, L P H, van, van Kempen, C M, Reckman, J W T M, Vasak, S, Bierkens, M F P. 2010. Global depletion of groundwater resources, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 37; L20402</ref>, Seibert 2007<ref>Siebert S et al. 2007. Global Map of Irrigation Areas version 4.0.1. Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany/Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome Italy.</ref>) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009<ref>Shah T. 2009. Climate change and groundwater: India’s opportunities for mitigation and adaptation, Enironmental Research Letters, 4; doi: 10.1088/1748‐9326/4/3/035005</ref>). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008<ref>Struckmeier W and Richts A 2008. Groundwater resources of the World (1:25 000 000). World Wide hydrogeological mapping and assessment programme, UNESCO/BGR</ref>; CGWB 2012<ref>CGWB. 2014. Ground Water Year Book 2012–13 — India. CGWB. 100 pp</ref>). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.

			There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>1 Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007<ref></ref>, Holly and Voss 2009<ref></ref>); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013<ref></ref>); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012<ref></ref>; Rawat and Mukherji 2012<ref></ref>)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.

	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>1 Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.
	[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 02]]

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	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
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	The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010, Seibert 2011) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008; CGWB 2012). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.		The Indo Gangetic Basin (IGB) alluvial aquifer system is one of the world’s most important water resources. Formed with sediments eroded from the Himalayas and redistributed by the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers, the IGB forms a flat fertile plain across Pakistan, northern India, southern Nepal and Bangladesh — Figure 1. The groundwater abstracted from the aquifer system comprises approximately a quarter of the world’s total groundwater abstraction (Wada 2010, Seibert 2011) with more than 90% used for irrigation which underpins the dramatic agricultural success of the region (Shah 2009). The IGB alluvial aquifer system has been regarded as comprising one highly permeable continuous aquifer, and is often represented as one category on hydrogeological maps (Struckmeier and Richts 2008; CGWB 2012). However, in practice the system is complex and heterogeneous with large spatial differences in groundwater recharge, permeability, storage and water chemistry. This complexity controls how each part of the aquifer responds to current and future stresses.

	There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>1 Estimated ~~8‐12~~ million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013); estimated ~~6 – 7~~ million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.		There are an estimated 15–20 million<ref>1 Estimated 8–12 million in Bangladesh (Khan et al. 2007, Holly and Voss 2009); approx.1 million in Sindh and Punjab in Pakistan (Yu et al. 2013); estimated 6–7 million in aquifer within India in 2007 (GOI 2012; Rawat and Mukherji 2012)</ref>To continue to develop and use groundwater, while minimising the unwanted side effects, it is important to first understand the aquifer systems and how they respond to abstraction, pollution and climate variability (Foster and MacDonald 2014). To help this process we have developed a series of groundwater typologies for the Indo Gangetic Basin, highlighting areas which are likely to respond in a consistent manner, regardless of international boundaries. In doing so, we have developed several basin wide data sets: building on the geology and sedimentology of the basin; using national datasets of groundwater abstraction, water level change and chemistry; drawing on international climate data; and reviewing many individual studies, publications and datasets. We do not consider here the many different approaches to governing groundwater across the region; rather, by systemising information on the nature of the aquifer, the current pressures on it, and the resilience of groundwater to change, we provide information that should be useful in assessing the efficacy of current and future approaches to groundwater management.
	[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]		[[Image:15047fig1\|thumb\|center\| 500px\|'''Figure 1''' Location map of the IGB with rivers and digital elevation map.]]

	==References and footnote==		==References and footnote==
	[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 01]]		[[category: OR/15/047 Groundwater resources in the Indo‐Gangetic Basin: resilience to climate change and abstraction \| 01]]