OR/15/007 Introduction - Revision history

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Protected "OR/15/007 Introduction" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

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Definitions

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	A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.		A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.

	This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events ([[OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions #Literature \| Drought classification and conclusions]]).		This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events ([[OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions #Literature \|Drought classification and conclusions]]).

	''Regional Characteristics''<br>		''Regional Characteristics''<br>

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Definitions

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	A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.		A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.

	This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events ([[OR/15/007 Drought ~~Classification~~ and conclusions #Literature \| Drought classification and conclusions]]).		This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events ([[OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions #Literature \| Drought classification and conclusions]]).

	''Regional Characteristics''<br>		''Regional Characteristics''<br>

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	===Definitions===		===Definitions===
	There are many definitions and classifications of drought, and some recognised classes of drought include meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts (Tabony, 1977; Marsh ''et al., ''2007; Rodda and Marsh, 2011). The aim of this report is not to define drought or groundwater drought; rather it is to provide broad description of groundwater aspects of major drought episodes. The assumptions that have been made regarding identification of the drought episodes are explained below.		There are many definitions and classifications of drought, and some recognised classes of drought include meteorological, agricultural and hydrological droughts (Tabony, 1977<ref name="Tabony">TABONY, R C. (1977). Drought classifications and a study of droughts at Kew. ''Meteorological Magazine'', ''106''(1254), 1–10.</ref>; Marsh ''et al., ''2007<ref name="Marsh&Cole2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref>; Rodda and Marsh, 2011<ref name="Rodda"> RODDA, J C and MARSH, T J. (2011). The 1975–76 drought-a contemporary and retrospective review. ''National Hydrological Monitoring Programme Series''. </ref>). The aim of this report is not to define drought or groundwater drought; rather it is to provide broad description of groundwater aspects of major drought episodes. The assumptions that have been made regarding identification of the drought episodes are explained below.

	''Dates''<br>		''Dates''<br>
	All dates referred to in the report under the headings of drought episode, start and end dates are applicable to groundwater, unless specified otherwise. These start and end dates are informed by the Standardised Groundwater Index (SGI; see Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013) except where not available (~~1890-1910~~, the year of 2006, 2010–2012). Dalton Holme and Chilgrove boreholes have been taken as proxies for the North and South of England respectively.		All dates referred to in the report under the headings of drought episode, start and end dates are applicable to groundwater, unless specified otherwise. These start and end dates are informed by the Standardised Groundwater Index (SGI; see Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>) except where not available (1890–1910, the year of 2006, 2010–2012). Dalton Holme and Chilgrove boreholes have been taken as proxies for the North and South of England respectively.

	''Start Date''<br>		''Start Date''<br>
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	''End Date''<br>		''End Date''<br>
	Groundwater drought terminations can be highly spatially and temporally variable and depend on local aquifer storage and flow properties (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013) as well as hydrological processes (Tallaksen ''et al. ''2009) and meteorological inputs. As a consequence, the end of a groundwater drought is particularly difficult to constrain. For the ease of comparison between episodes, end dates have been derived from the SGI (SGI values return to positive for a prolonged period of consecutive months) and groundwater reports where possible. Where these sources of information were not available, groundwater data has been used in a qualitative way to estimate end dates. Some interpretation was required in the observation of general trends. Meteorological dates have been included for context and comparison.		Groundwater drought terminations can be highly spatially and temporally variable and depend on local aquifer storage and flow properties (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>) as well as hydrological processes (Tallaksen ''et al. ''2009<ref name="Tallaksen 2009">TALLAKSEN, L M, HISDAL, H and VAN LANEN, H A. (2009). Space–time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics. ''Journal of Hydrology'', ''375''(3), 363–372.</ref>) and meteorological inputs. As a consequence, the end of a groundwater drought is particularly difficult to constrain. For the ease of comparison between episodes, end dates have been derived from the SGI (SGI values return to positive for a prolonged period of consecutive months) and groundwater reports where possible. Where these sources of information were not available, groundwater data has been used in a qualitative way to estimate end dates. Some interpretation was required in the observation of general trends. Meteorological dates have been included for context and comparison.

	''Drought Classification''<br>		''Drought Classification''<br>
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	A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.		A single or multi-winter event, groundwater start date, meteorological start date, regional or national focus, drought intensity using SGI where possible, other significant comments and termination characteristics.

	This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events (~~'''see section 3.1.2'''~~).		This classification will be compared later in the report to look for common trends and patterns between events ([[OR/15/007 Drought Classification and conclusions #Literature \| Drought classification and conclusions]]).

	''Regional Characteristics''<br>		''Regional Characteristics''<br>

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Methodolgy

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	\|}		\|}

	==~~Methodolgy~~==		==Methodology==
	This methodology describes and explains the definitions contained within the drought descriptions. In order for coherent comparison between the 9 droughts, the drought descriptions, along with the start and end dates are presented in a consistent manner, as described below.		This methodology describes and explains the definitions contained within the drought descriptions. In order for coherent comparison between the 9 droughts, the drought descriptions, along with the start and end dates are presented in a consistent manner, as described below.

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	The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.		The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.

	In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[~~OR/15/007 Description of droughts~~ #Methodology \| Methodology]] for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.		In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[#Methodology \| Methodology]] for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

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	The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.		The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.

	In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[OR/15/007 Description of ~~groundwater~~ droughts ~~in the UK: 1890 to 2015~~ #Methodology \| Methodology]] for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.		In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[OR/15/007 Description of droughts #Methodology \| Methodology]] for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

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	The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.		The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.

	In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 #Methodology \| Methodology for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.		In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 #Methodology \| Methodology]] for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.

	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

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	The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.		The drought events listed in Table 1, along with the drought known as the ‘long drought’ of 1890 to 1910 (Marsh ''et al''., 2007)<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T, COLE, G and WILBY, R. (2007). Major droughts in England and Wales, 1800–2006. ''Weather'', ''62''(4), 87–93. </ref> and the drought of 2011 to 2012 (Marsh et al., 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010–12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref> — both identified as a major drought episodes but outside the scope of the SGI record of Bloomfield and Marchant (2013)<ref name="Bloomfield"></ref>, are the focus of this report.

	In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see ~~'''section 1.1'''~~ for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.		In summary, this report details the major historical drought periods in the UK with respect to groundwater, from 1890 to 2012. The report consists of 9 standardised drought descriptions containing details of the droughts, as well as a summary, and in some cases an analysis, of the literature available (see [[OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 #Methodology \| Methodology for details). The aim of the report is to enable comparison between drought events, and assess the possibility of creating a drought classification based on event characteristics. There is also an attempt to review the literature and the public and academic discourse surrounding each drought.

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	The following observation wells are referred to in the inventory:		The following observation wells are referred to in the inventory:

	{\| ~~border~~="~~0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0~~"		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|+ Table 2 Observation wells referenced in report.		\|+ Table 2 Observation wells referenced in report.
	\| '''Well'''		\| '''Well'''