OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions - Revision history

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Drought classification

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	\| '''1890–1910'''		\| '''1890–1910'''
	\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>		\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/A</p>		\| <p align="center">N/A</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1913–1914'''		\| '''1913–1914'''
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">NE</p>		\| <p align="center">NE</p>
	\| <p align="center">0.17 (S) / ‐1.11 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">0.17 (S) / ‐1.11 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1933–1935'''		\| '''1933–1935'''
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">S + SE</p>		\| <p align="center">S + SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐1.36 (S) / ‐0.41 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐1.36 (S) / ‐0.41 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1964–1965'''		\| '''1964–1965'''
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">NE</p>		\| <p align="center">NE</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐0.24 (S) / ‐1.30 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐0.24 (S) / ‐1.30 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1975–1976'''		\| '''1975–1976'''
	\| <p align="center">û</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:cross.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>		\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐1.81 (S) / ‐1.23</p>		\| <p align="center">‐1.81 (S) / ‐1.23</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1988–1993'''		\| '''1988–1993'''
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">SE + E</p>		\| <p align="center">SE + E</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐0.71 (S) /‐1.53 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐0.71 (S) /‐1.53 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1995–1998'''		\| '''1995–1998'''
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>		\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''2003–2006'''		\| '''2003–2006'''
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">National/SE</p>		\| <p align="center">National/SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐1.14 (S) / ‐0.40 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐1.14 (S) / ‐0.40 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''2010–2012'''		\| '''2010–2012'''
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">NW/SE</p>		\| <p align="center">NW/SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/A</p>		\| <p align="center">N/A</p>

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Drought classification

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	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1890–1910'''		\| '''1890–1910'''
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">[[Image:tick.jpg\|frameless\|30px\|]]</p>
	\| <p align="center">ü</p>		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>		\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>

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Drought classification

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	\|}		\|}
	''Note: in the ‘Region’ column the brackets denote national drought impacts, focussed in the bracketed region and a solidus indicates a change in drought focus from one region to another. In the ‘SGI’ column (N) denotes Dalton Holme record and (S) Chilgrove House record.''		''Note: in the ‘Region’ column the brackets denote national drought impacts, focussed in the bracketed region and a solidus indicates a change in drought focus from one region to another. In the ‘SGI’ column (N) denotes Dalton Holme record and (S) Chilgrove House record.''

			==References==


	[[category: OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 \| 04]]		[[category: OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 \| 04]]

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Literature

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	{{OR/15/007}}		{{OR/15/007}}
	==Literature==		==Literature==
	The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994<ref Name="Marsh 1994">MARSH T J, MONKHOUSE R A, ARNELL N W, LEES M L, REYNARD N S. 1994. The 1988–92 drought. Institute of Hydrology: Wallingford, UK.</ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T. (2007). The 2004–2006 drought in southern Britain. ''Weather,'' 62(7), 191–196.</ref>, 2013<ref></ref>), Marsh (1995<ref name="Marsh 1995">MARSH, T J. (1995). The 1995 drought-a water resources review in the context of the recent hydrological instability. LTA, 155(47), 149.</ref>, 2004<ref name="Marsh 2004">Marsh, T J. (2004). The UK drought Of 2003: A Hydrological Review. ''Weather'', ''59''(8), 224–230. </ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>), Marsh & Turton (1996)<ref name="Marsh 1996"> MARSH, T J and TURTON, P S. (1996). The 1995 drought—a water resources perspective. ''Weather'', 51(2), 46–53. </ref>, Rodda & Marsh (2011)<ref name="Rodda">RODDA, J C and MARSH, T J. (2011). The 1975-76 drought-a contemporary and retrospective review. ''National Hydrological Monitoring Programme Series''. </ref> and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013)<ref name="Kendon"> KENDON, M, MARSH, T and PARRY, S. (2013). The 2010–2012 drought in England and Wales. WEATHER, 68(4), 88–95. </ref>, all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890–1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913–14 and 1964–65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see [[OR/15/007 Appendix 1 \| Appendix 1). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964–65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.		The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994<ref Name="Marsh 1994">MARSH T J, MONKHOUSE R A, ARNELL N W, LEES M L, REYNARD N S. 1994. The 1988–92 drought. Institute of Hydrology: Wallingford, UK.</ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T. (2007). The 2004–2006 drought in southern Britain. ''Weather,'' 62(7), 191–196.</ref>, 2013<ref name="Marsh 2013">MARSH, T, PARRY, S, KENDON, M and HANNAFORD, J. (2013). The 2010-12 drought and subsequent extensive flooding: a remarkable hydrological transformation. NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology.</ref>), Marsh (1995<ref name="Marsh 1995">MARSH, T J. (1995). The 1995 drought-a water resources review in the context of the recent hydrological instability. LTA, 155(47), 149.</ref>, 2004<ref name="Marsh 2004">Marsh, T J. (2004). The UK drought Of 2003: A Hydrological Review. ''Weather'', ''59''(8), 224–230. </ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>), Marsh & Turton (1996)<ref name="Marsh 1996"> MARSH, T J and TURTON, P S. (1996). The 1995 drought—a water resources perspective. ''Weather'', 51(2), 46–53. </ref>, Rodda & Marsh (2011)<ref name="Rodda">RODDA, J C and MARSH, T J. (2011). The 1975-76 drought-a contemporary and retrospective review. ''National Hydrological Monitoring Programme Series''. </ref> and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013)<ref name="Kendon"> KENDON, M, MARSH, T and PARRY, S. (2013). The 2010–2012 drought in England and Wales. WEATHER, 68(4), 88–95.</ref>, all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890–1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913–14 and 1964–65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see [[OR/15/007 Appendix 1 \| Appendix 1]]). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964–65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.

	The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003–06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003–06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield">BLOOMFIELD, J P and MARCHANT, B P. (2013). Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the standardised precipitation index. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10(6), 7537–7574.</ref>). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988–1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.		The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003–06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003–06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield">BLOOMFIELD, J P and MARCHANT, B P. (2013). Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the standardised precipitation index. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10(6), 7537–7574.</ref>). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988–1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:18, 1 October 2015
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	{{OR/15/007}}		{{OR/15/007}}
	==Literature==		==Literature==
	The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994, 2007, 2013), Marsh (1995, 2004, 2007), Marsh & Turton (1996), Rodda & Marsh (2011) and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013), all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890–1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the ~~1913-14~~ and 1964–65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see ~~'''~~Appendix 1~~'''~~). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964–65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.		The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994<ref Name="Marsh 1994">MARSH T J, MONKHOUSE R A, ARNELL N W, LEES M L, REYNARD N S. 1994. The 1988–92 drought. Institute of Hydrology: Wallingford, UK.</ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007">MARSH, T. (2007). The 2004–2006 drought in southern Britain. ''Weather,'' 62(7), 191–196.</ref>, 2013<ref></ref>), Marsh (1995<ref name="Marsh 1995">MARSH, T J. (1995). The 1995 drought-a water resources review in the context of the recent hydrological instability. LTA, 155(47), 149.</ref>, 2004<ref name="Marsh 2004">Marsh, T J. (2004). The UK drought Of 2003: A Hydrological Review. ''Weather'', ''59''(8), 224–230. </ref>, 2007<ref name="Marsh 2007"></ref>), Marsh & Turton (1996)<ref name="Marsh 1996"> MARSH, T J and TURTON, P S. (1996). The 1995 drought—a water resources perspective. ''Weather'', 51(2), 46–53. </ref>, Rodda & Marsh (2011)<ref name="Rodda">RODDA, J C and MARSH, T J. (2011). The 1975-76 drought-a contemporary and retrospective review. ''National Hydrological Monitoring Programme Series''. </ref> and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013)<ref name="Kendon"> KENDON, M, MARSH, T and PARRY, S. (2013). The 2010–2012 drought in England and Wales. WEATHER, 68(4), 88–95. </ref>, all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890–1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913–14 and 1964–65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see [[OR/15/007 Appendix 1 \| Appendix 1). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964–65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.

	The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003–06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003–06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the ~~1988-1998~~ period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.		The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003–06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003–06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013<ref name="Bloomfield">BLOOMFIELD, J P and MARCHANT, B P. (2013). Analysis of groundwater drought using a variant of the standardised precipitation index. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, 10(6), 7537–7574.</ref>). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988–1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.

	==Drought classification==		==Drought classification==
	There have been many attempts to classify drought in the UK, however they are mainly related to weather type (Lloyd-Hughes & Saunders, 2002; Wedgbrow ''et al. ''2002; Hannaford ''et al. ''2011; Parry ''et al. ''2010; Fleig ''et al. ''2011; Kingston ''et al. ''2013) or hydrological and groundwater processes on a catchment scale (Peters, 2003; Peters ''et al. ''2003, 2005, 2006; Tallaksen ''et al. ''2006, 2009; van Lanen ''et al. ''2013). There is as yet no definitive groundwater drought classification system for the UK.		There have been many attempts to classify drought in the UK, however they are mainly related to weather type (Lloyd-Hughes & Saunders, 2002<ref name="Lloyd etal">LLOYD‐HUGHES, B and SAUNDERS, M. A. (2002). A drought climatology for Europe. ''International Journal of Climatology'', ''22''(13), 1571–1592. </ref>; Wedgbrow ''et al. ''2002<ref name="Wedgbrow">WEDGBROW, C S, WILBY, R L, FOX, H R and O'HARE, G. (2002). Prospects for seasonal forecasting of summer drought and low river flow anomalies in England and WALES. ''International Journal Of Climatology'', ''22''(2), 219–236. </ref>; Hannaford ''et al. ''2011<ref name="Hannaford">HANNAFORD, J, LLOYD-HUGHES, B, KEEFE, C, PARRY, S and PRUDHOMME, C. (2011) Examining the large-scale spatial coherence of European drought using regional indicators of precipitation and streamflow deficit. Hydrol. Processes, 25, 1146–1162. </ref>; Parry ''et al. ''2010<ref name="Parry"> PARRY, S, PRUDHOMME, C, HANNAFORD, J and LLOYD-HUGHES, B. (2010). Examining the spatio-temporal evolution and characteristics of large-scale European droughts. IN ''Proceedings Of The BHS Third International Symposium ''(PP. 135–142). BRITISH HYDROLOGICAL SOCIETY. </ref>; Fleig ''et al. ''2011<ref name="Fleig"> FLEIG, A K, TALLAKSEN, L M, HISDAL, H and HANNAH, D M. (2011). Regional hydrological drought in north‐western Europe: linking a new regional drought area index with weather types. ''Hydrological Processes'', ''25''(7), 1163–1179.</ref>; Kingston ''et al. ''2013<ref name="Kingston">KINGSTON, D G, FLEIG, A K, TALLAKSEN, L M and HANNAH, D M. (2013). Ocean–atmosphere forcing of summer streamflow drought in Great Britain. ''Journal Of Hydrometeorology'', ''14''(1), 331–344.</ref>) or hydrological and groundwater processes on a catchment scale (Peters, 2003<ref name="Peters 2003">PETERS, E. (2003). Propagation of drought through groundwater systems: illustrated in the Pang (UK) and UPPER-Guadiana (ES) CATCHMENTS. Wageningen UNIVERSITEIT.</ref>; Peters ''et al. ''2003<ref name="Peter etal">PETERS, E, TORFS, P J J F, VAN LANEN, H A J and BIER, G. (2003). Propagation of drought through groundwater—a new approach using linear reservoir theory. Hydrological Processes, 17(15), 3023–3040.</ref>, 2005<ref name="Peters 2005"> PETERS, E, VAN LANEN, H A J, TORFS, P J J F and BIER, G. (2005). Drought in groundwater—drought distribution and performance indicators. ''Journal of Hydrology'', 306(1), 302–317. </ref>, 2006<ref name="Peters 2006">PETERS, E, BIER, G, VAN LANEN, H A J and TORFS, P J J F. (2006). Propagation and spatial distribution of drought in a groundwater catchment. ''Journal of Hydrology'', ''321''(1), 257–275. </ref>; Tallaksen ''et al. ''2006<ref name="Tallaksen 2006"> TALLAKSEN, L M, HISDAL, H, VAN LANEN, H A, DEMUTH, S, GUSTARD, A, PLANOS, E and SERVAT, E. (2006). Propagation of drought in a groundwater Fed catchment, the Pang in the UK. ''Climate variability and change: Hydrological Impacts'', 128–133.</ref>, 2009<ref name="Tallaksen 2009">TALLAKSEN, L M, HISDAL, H and VAN LANEN, H A. (2009). Space–time modelling of catchment scale drought characteristics. ''Journal Of Hydrology'', ''375''(3), 363–372. </ref>; van Lanen ''et al. ''2013<ref name="Van">VAN LANEN, H A J, WANDERS, N, TALLAKSEN, L M and VAN LOON, A F. (2013). Hydrological drought across the world: impact of climate and physical catchment structure. ''Hydrology and Earth System Sciences'', ''17''(5), 1715–1732.</ref>). There is as yet no definitive groundwater drought classification system for the UK.

	From a review of the literature, no specific drought classification can be derived. There are many character traits of drought periods in the UK that are well documented including the exaggeration of the Northwest/Southeast rainfall gradient, the propagation of drought over successive winters, and summer aridity. All major drought periods exhibit at least one of these traits. However, this is not a classification system, as they are qualities that are intrinsic to drought in the UK and they often occur independently of one another and in no discernible pattern. They are all associated with anticyclonic weather which is the main driver for drought in the British Isles.		From a review of the literature, no specific drought classification can be derived. There are many character traits of drought periods in the UK that are well documented including the exaggeration of the Northwest/Southeast rainfall gradient, the propagation of drought over successive winters, and summer aridity. All major drought periods exhibit at least one of these traits. However, this is not a classification system, as they are qualities that are intrinsic to drought in the UK and they often occur independently of one another and in no discernible pattern. They are all associated with anticyclonic weather which is the main driver for drought in the British Isles.

Dbk: Protected "OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

2015-09-30T09:35:28Z

Protected "OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]

← Older revision	Revision as of 10:35, 30 September 2015
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	{{OR/15/007}}		{{OR/15/007}}
	==Literature==		==Literature==
	The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994, 2007, 2013), Marsh (1995, 2004, 2007), Marsh & Turton (1996), Rodda & Marsh (2011) and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013), all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, ~~1890-1910~~). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913-14 and ~~1964-65~~ which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see Appendix 1). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the ~~1964-65~~ drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.		The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994, 2007, 2013), Marsh (1995, 2004, 2007), Marsh & Turton (1996), Rodda & Marsh (2011) and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013), all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890–1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913-14 and 1964–65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see '''Appendix 1'''). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964–65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.

	The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in ~~2003-06~~ and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the ~~2003-06~~ drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988-1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.		The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003–06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003–06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988-1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.

	==Drought classification==		==Drought classification==

Dbk: /* Drought classification */

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Drought classification

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:46, 29 September 2015
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	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1995–1998'''		\| '''1995–1998'''
	\| ü</p>		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| ü</p>		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>		\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23 (N)</p>		\| <p align="center">‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23 (N)</p>

Dbk: /* Drought classification */

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Drought classification

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:45, 29 September 2015
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	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"

	\|+ Table 3 Summary of the nine groundwater drought events.		\|+ Table 3 Summary of the nine groundwater drought events.

	\|		\|
	\| '''Multi‐winter'''		\| '''Multi‐winter'''
	\| '''Surface water impacts reported'''		\| '''Surface water impacts reported'''

	\| '''Region'''		\| '''Region'''
	\| '''Cumulative SGI'''		\| '''Cumulative SGI'''
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1890–1910'''		\| '''1890–1910'''
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| National (S + E)		\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/A</p>		\| <p align="center">N/A</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1913–1914'''		\| '''1913–1914'''
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| <p align="center">NE</p>		\| <p align="center">NE</p>
	\| 0.17 (S) / ‐1.11 (		\| <p align="center">0.17 (S) / ‐1.11 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1933–1935'''		\| '''1933–1935'''
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| S + SE		\| <p align="center">S + SE</p>
	\| ‐1.36 (S) / ‐0.41		\| <p align="center">‐1.36 (S) / ‐0.41 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1964–1965'''		\| '''1964–1965'''
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| <p align="center">NE</p>		\| <p align="center">NE</p>
	\| ‐0.24 (S) / ‐1.30		\| <p align="center">‐0.24 (S) / ‐1.30 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''~~1975 ‐ 1976~~'''		\| '''1975–1976'''
	\| û		\| <p align="center">û</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| National (S + E)		\| <p align="center">National (S + E)</p>
	\| ‐1.81 (S) / ‐1.23		\| <p align="center">‐1.81 (S) / ‐1.23</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1988–1993'''		\| '''1988–1993'''
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| SE + E		\| <p align="center">SE + E</p>
	\| ‐0.71 (S) /‐1.53 (		\| <p align="center">‐0.71 (S) /‐1.53 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''1995–1998'''		\| '''1995–1998'''
	\| ü		\| ü</p>
	\| ü		\| ü</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>		\| <p align="center">N/SE</p>
	\| ‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23		\| <p align="center">‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''2003–2006'''		\| '''2003–2006'''
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| National/SE		\| <p align="center">National/SE</p>
	\| ‐1.14 (S) / ‐0.40		\| <p align="center">‐1.14 (S) / ‐0.40 (N)</p>
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''2010–2012'''		\| '''2010–2012'''
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| ü		\| <p align="center">ü</p>
	\| NW/SE		\| <p align="center">NW/SE</p>
	\| <p align="center">N/A</p>		\| <p align="center">N/A</p>
	\|}		\|}

	''Note: in the ‘Region’ column the brackets denote national drought impacts, focussed in the bracketed region and a solidus indicates a change in drought focus from one region to another. In the ‘SGI’ column (N) denotes Dalton Holme record and (S) Chilgrove House record.''		''Note: in the ‘Region’ column the brackets denote national drought impacts, focussed in the bracketed region and a solidus indicates a change in drought focus from one region to another. In the ‘SGI’ column (N) denotes Dalton Holme record and (S) Chilgrove House record.''


	[[category: OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 \| 04]]		[[category: OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 \| 04]]

Dbk: Created page with "notoc {{OR/15/007}} ==Literature== The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et a..."

2015-09-29T15:42:32Z

Created page with "__notoc__ {{OR/15/007}} ==Literature== The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et a..."

New page

__notoc__
{{OR/15/007}}
==Literature==
The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et al. ''(1994, 2007, 2013), Marsh (1995, 2004, 2007), Marsh & Turton (1996), Rodda & Marsh (2011) and Kendon ''et al. ''(2013), all covering major droughts since then with a detailed summary. Prior to 1976, reporting, particularly with respect to groundwater, is largely diminished, and decreases with age. In addition, the more extreme the drought and the greater the public awareness of the drought, the more information there is for those periods (e.g. 1976, 2003–2006, 1890-1910). In the case of older droughts, British Rainfall publications, alongside anecdotal evidence, provides the majority of information which then had to be related to the limited borehole data of the period. Generally, the greater the aridity and surface water impacts associated with a drought, the more it appears in the literature. As this report focusses on groundwater, there are several episodes, such as the 1913-14 and 1964-65 which are widely underreported. In an attempt to reverse this discourse, an investigation into the widely reported drought of 1959 that had severe surface water impacts but little impact on groundwater is also included (see Appendix 1). The public perception, and also to some extent the academic discourse, is highly linked to dry, hot summers and not dry winters which tend to propagate groundwater droughts. As a result, the droughts with marginal surface water impacts but large groundwater impacts tend to be underreported. This is demonstrated in the 1964-65 drought, which recorded the 3rd driest year since 1887 and ranks as the 2nd most intense northern drought but is almost completely unreported in the literature.

The review of the literature also highlighted discrepancies between the perceived drought and the actual state of groundwater resources, most notably in 2003-06 and between 1988 and 1998. The literature reports the 2003-06 drought as two separate events, however an assessment of the SGI and groundwater data indicate that these two events were highly linked. This could be a reflection of the tendency to focus mainly on surface water impacts. For the period from July 1988 to January 1998, Dalton Holme records just 9 months where the SGI is a positive value (Bloomfield & Marchant, 2013). This reflects a very different situation to the one given in the literature. When considering only the Dalton Holme SGI time series, one might be tempted to classify the 1988-1998 period as one long drought episode. However, the Dalton Holme borehole gives an incredibly localised view. Whether this is representative of very specific local geology, the borehole itself, the meteorology of this eastern and sheltered part of the country, or all three, is unclear.

==Drought classification==
There have been many attempts to classify drought in the UK, however they are mainly related to weather type (Lloyd-Hughes & Saunders, 2002; Wedgbrow ''et al. ''2002; Hannaford ''et al. ''2011; Parry ''et al. ''2010; Fleig ''et al. ''2011; Kingston ''et al. ''2013) or hydrological and groundwater processes on a catchment scale (Peters, 2003; Peters ''et al. ''2003, 2005, 2006; Tallaksen ''et al. ''2006, 2009; van Lanen ''et al. ''2013). There is as yet no definitive groundwater drought classification system for the UK.

From a review of the literature, no specific drought classification can be derived. There are many character traits of drought periods in the UK that are well documented including the exaggeration of the Northwest/Southeast rainfall gradient, the propagation of drought over successive winters, and summer aridity. All major drought periods exhibit at least one of these traits. However, this is not a classification system, as they are qualities that are intrinsic to drought in the UK and they often occur independently of one another and in no discernible pattern. They are all associated with anticyclonic weather which is the main driver for drought in the British Isles.

There are some general patterns in the findings of this report, demonstrating that groundwater droughts that display limited surface water impacts tend to be underreported, despite sometimes being associated with large rainfall deficiencies. These droughts tend to be focussed in the North East, rather than the South and over a single winter. This could be a reflection of the use of groundwater resources within these areas, along with higher demand in the South of England.

In the absence of a definitive classification system, a matrix has been compiled with parameters important to groundwater drought. These have been selected due to their inherent simplicity and objectivity when compared with other parameters. Although not applicable to all droughts, the SGI in the location where the drought was most intense has also been included for ease of comparison of drought severity.

{| class="wikitable"

|+ Table 3 Summary of the nine groundwater drought events.

|
| '''Multi‐winter'''
| '''Surface water impacts reported'''

| '''Region'''
| '''Cumulative SGI'''
|-
| '''1890–1910'''
| ü
| ü
| National (S + E)
| N/A
|-
| '''1913–1914'''
| û
| û
| NE
| 0.17 (S) / ‐1.11 (
|-
| '''1933–1935'''
| û
| ü
| S + SE
| ‐1.36 (S) / ‐0.41
|-
| '''1964–1965'''
| û
| û
| NE
| ‐0.24 (S) / ‐1.30
|-
| '''1975 ‐ 1976'''
| û
| ü
| National (S + E)
| ‐1.81 (S) / ‐1.23
|-
| '''1988–1993'''
| ü
| ü
| SE + E
| ‐0.71 (S) /‐1.53 (
|-
| '''1995–1998'''
| ü
| ü
| N/SE
| ‐1.25 (S) / ‐1.23
|-
| '''2003–2006'''
| ü
| ü
| National/SE
| ‐1.14 (S) / ‐0.40
|-
| '''2010–2012'''
| ü
| ü
| NW/SE
| N/A
|}

''Note: in the ‘Region’ column the brackets denote national drought impacts, focussed in the bracketed region and a solidus indicates a change in drought focus from one region to another. In the ‘SGI’ column (N) denotes Dalton Holme record and (S) Chilgrove House record.''

[[category: OR/15/007 Description of groundwater droughts in the UK: 1890 to 2015 | 04]]

OR/15/007 Drought classification and conclusions - Revision history

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Dbk: Created page with "__notoc__ {{OR/15/007}} ==Literature== The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et a..."

Dbk: Created page with "notoc {{OR/15/007}} ==Literature== The literature and data available for each drought varied greatly. In general, post-1976 there was improved reporting, with Marsh ''et a..."