OR/14/069 Study area - Revision history

http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=OR%2F14%2F069_Study_area OR/14/069 Study area - Revision history 2026-04-16T00:02:43Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.42.3 http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=43968&oldid=prev Ajhil at 14:04, 29 November 2019 2019-11-29T14:04:43Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:04, 29 November 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l199">Line 199:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 199:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aul khola and Basure khola are rivers located in the southern part of Ramche VDC; Pandoor river is located in the northern belt of the VDC. These rivers are perennial, though discharge is high during the rainy season and very low during the dry season. Aul, Basure and Pandoor are tributaries of the Kaligandaki river. The spring and stream water supply sources used for on-going discharge measurement are shown in Figure&nbsp;14 and listed in Table&nbsp;3.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aul khola and Basure khola are rivers located in the southern part of Ramche VDC; Pandoor river is located in the northern belt of the VDC. These rivers are perennial, though discharge is high during the rainy season and very low during the dry season. Aul, Basure and Pandoor are tributaries of the Kaligandaki river. The spring and stream water supply sources used for on-going discharge measurement are shown in Figure&nbsp;14 and listed in Table&nbsp;3.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In total 19 permanent water sources were recorded in the VDC. Of these, 14 were recorded in Nangi village (Wards 1, 2 and 5) and Ramche village (wards&nbsp;3 and 4). Citeni spring in Ramche, Rato Jhapra spring and Seto Kharsu spring in Nangi are the major sources used for drinking, cooking and sanitation (Dixit et al. 2012</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In total 19 permanent water sources were recorded in the VDC. Of these, 14 were recorded in Nangi village (Wards 1, 2 and 5) and Ramche village (wards&nbsp;3 and 4). Citeni spring in Ramche, Rato Jhapra spring and Seto Kharsu spring in Nangi are the major sources used for drinking, cooking and sanitation (Dixit et al. 2012<ref name="Dixit 2012">DIXIT, K M, SHRESTHA, A, and SILWAL, S. 2012. ''Climate Condition, Water Status and Problems in Gandak Basin and its Relation with Social and Environmental System''. Kathmandu: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET)-Nepal.</ref>). Nangi’s drinking water supply system was completed in 2006 using Rato Jhapra (Dixit et al. 2012<ref name="Dixit 2012"></ref>). Most of the water sources lie in the dense forest areas.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref name="Dixit 2012"></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>DIXIT, K M, SHRESTHA, A, and SILWAL, S. 2012. ''Climate Condition, Water Status and Problems in Gandak Basin and its Relation with Social and Environmental System''. Kathmandu: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition (ISET)-Nepal.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>). Nangi’s drinking water supply system was completed in 2006 using Rato Jhapra (Dixit et al. 2012<ref name="Dixit 2012"></ref>). Most of the water sources lie in the dense forest areas.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seven springs (Table&nbsp;4) were selected for sampling in Ramche VDC, these sites incorporate the major sources used for domestic water supply (Citeni, Rato Jhapra and Seto Kharsu) in addition to other water sources used in the villages. A description of these seven springs follows, including preliminary flows and water usage data collected through the community surveys.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Seven springs (Table&nbsp;4) were selected for sampling in Ramche VDC, these sites incorporate the major sources used for domestic water supply (Citeni, Rato Jhapra and Seto Kharsu) in addition to other water sources used in the villages. A description of these seven springs follows, including preliminary flows and water usage data collected through the community surveys.</div></td></tr> </table>

Ajhil http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=43967&oldid=prev Ajhil: /* Nature of catchment and water source under study */ 2019-11-29T14:02:47Z

<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Nature of catchment and water source under study</span></span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:02, 29 November 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l397">Line 397:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 397:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Details of the water sources investigated as part of this study are presented in Table&nbsp;6 (Springs and streams) and Table&nbsp;7 (Shallow tubewells) and shown in Figures&nbsp;17–19.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Details of the water sources investigated as part of this study are presented in Table&nbsp;6 (Springs and streams) and Table&nbsp;7 (Shallow tubewells) and shown in Figures&nbsp;17–19.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Andheri spring is a drinking water source for people of ward 1 and 2, the system was developed in 2007 (Dixit et al., 2012<ref name="Dixit 2012"></ref>). People also use groundwater for drinking and irrigation needs. More than 10 water sources in the VDC have dried totally and seasonal drying of springs has also been reported (Dixit and Khadka 2013<ref name="Dixit 2013"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Andheri spring is a drinking water source for people of ward 1 and 2, the system was developed in 2007 (Dixit et al., 2012<ref name="Dixit 2012"></ref>). People also use groundwater for drinking and irrigation needs. More than 10 water sources in the VDC have dried totally and seasonal drying of springs has also been reported (Dixit and Khadka 2013<ref name="Dixit 2013"</ref>).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">DIXIT, A, and KHADKA, S, Eds. 2013. Web of Resilience: Cross scale implication of forest and water management for adaptation-mitigation and the food security in the Nepal Himalayas. Kathmandu, Nepal: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition-Nepal (ISET-N).</del></ref>).</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:OR14069fig17.jpg|thumb|center|500px| '''Figure 17'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Madanpokhara VDC, with field sampling locations, river gauging stations and rain gauges shown. Elevation data USGS (2004) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:OR14069fig17.jpg|thumb|center|500px| '''Figure 17'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Madanpokhara VDC, with field sampling locations, river gauging stations and rain gauges shown. Elevation data USGS (2004) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. ]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Ajhil http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=43966&oldid=prev Ajhil at 14:02, 29 November 2019 2019-11-29T14:02:13Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:02, 29 November 2019</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l111">Line 111:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 111:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></ref>).</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Annual precipitation in the Middle Hills varies from less than 1000&nbsp;mm in the east and west extremities of Nepal’s Middle Hills to more than 3500&nbsp;mm in the central Middle Hills (Shrestha, 2000<ref name="Shrestha 2000"></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Annual precipitation in the Middle Hills varies from less than 1000&nbsp;mm in the east and west extremities of Nepal’s Middle Hills to more than 3500&nbsp;mm in the central Middle Hills (Shrestha, 2000<ref name="Shrestha 2000"></ref>). The Middle Hills typically receive 70–80% of precipitation during the monsoon season. Rivers in the west, which receive less rainfall, are more dependent on snow-melt from the higher Himalayas.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SHRESTHA, M L. 2000. Interannual variation of summer monsoon rainfall over Nepal and its relation to Southern Oscillation Index, ''Meteorological and Atmospheric Physics'' 75, 21–28.</del></ref>). The Middle Hills typically receive 70–80% of precipitation during the monsoon season. Rivers in the west, which receive less rainfall, are more dependent on snow-melt from the higher Himalayas.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Middle Hills and mountain regions are believed to have a lower groundwater potential than the main groundwater basins present in the Terai and the mid-hill valleys, such as Kathmandu and the Dang, where groundwater is used extensively for agriculture, industry and water supply. Groundwater resources in the Middle Hills have not been systematically investigated and very few estimates of the groundwater resource exist. However, investigations by Kansakar (2002)<ref name="Kansakar 2002">KANSAKAR, D R. 2002. Groundwater in the Mountains and Hills of Nepal: Resource Potential and Development. Jalsrot Bikas Sanstha, Nepal.</ref> suggest the annual groundwater recharge in Nepal’s mid-hills is 1723 million cubic metres and Andermann et al. (2012)<ref name="Andermann 2012"></ref>conclude that groundwater storage within the fractured basement aquifers of the Middle Hills significantly influences river discharge. Groundwater discharge occurs in the form of springs and seepages and plays a critical role in the lives of the people in the hills. In some mountain areas it is the only source of water for drinking and irrigation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Middle Hills and mountain regions are believed to have a lower groundwater potential than the main groundwater basins present in the Terai and the mid-hill valleys, such as Kathmandu and the Dang, where groundwater is used extensively for agriculture, industry and water supply. Groundwater resources in the Middle Hills have not been systematically investigated and very few estimates of the groundwater resource exist. However, investigations by Kansakar (2002)<ref name="Kansakar 2002">KANSAKAR, D R. 2002. Groundwater in the Mountains and Hills of Nepal: Resource Potential and Development. Jalsrot Bikas Sanstha, Nepal.</ref> suggest the annual groundwater recharge in Nepal’s mid-hills is 1723 million cubic metres and Andermann et al. (2012)<ref name="Andermann 2012"></ref>conclude that groundwater storage within the fractured basement aquifers of the Middle Hills significantly influences river discharge. Groundwater discharge occurs in the form of springs and seepages and plays a critical role in the lives of the people in the hills. In some mountain areas it is the only source of water for drinking and irrigation.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Ajhil http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=26179&oldid=prev Dbk: 1 revision imported 2016-03-08T14:41:45Z

<p>1 revision imported</p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:41, 8 March 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div> </td></tr></table>

Dbk http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=26178&oldid=prev Ajhil at 10:22, 8 March 2016 2016-03-08T10:22:40Z

<p></p> <a href="http://earthwise-staging.bgs.ac.uk/index.php?title=OR/14/069_Study_area&diff=26178">Show changes</a>

Ajhil