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	'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. [[British regional geology: Northern England\|British regional geology: Northern England]]. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''		{{NERG}}


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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

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'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. [[British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geology: Northern England]]. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''

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== Introduction ==

This chapter reviews the relationship between geology and human activity in northern England, an association that can be traced back to the Neolithic stone axe industry of Langdale, in the Lake District, which utilised a volcaniclastic siltstone from the Seathwaite Fell Formation, Borrowdale Volcanic Group. Of particular importance in modern times are water and mineral resources: major coalfields lie on either sides of the Pennines, whilst a range of metal ores and a variety of industrial and bulk minerals have all been extracted. The legacy of mineral extraction exerts a profound influence on land use and development, aspects that are also constrained by the natural characteristics of the region’s geology. Landscape conservation is a significant issue in a region that includes two national parks (and part of a third) and three areas of outstanding natural beauty.

[[Fuel and energy, geology and man, Northern England|Fuel and energy]]
* Coal
* Peat
* Oil and gas
* Coalbed and mine-gas methane
* Geothernal energy

[[Industrial minerals, geology and man, Northern England|Industrial minerals]]
* Limestone and dolomite-rock
* Cement raw materials
* Gypsum and anhydrite
* Halite
* Sand and gravel
* Igneous rock
* Clay and shale
* Fireclay
* Sandstone
* Diatomite
* Graphite

[[Metalliferous and associated minerals, geology and man, Northern England|Metalliferous and associated minerals]]
* Iron
* Copper
* Lead and zinc
* Silver
* Minor metal production
* Fluospar
* Barytes
* Witherite
* Future prospects

[[Building stone, geology and man, Northern England|Building stone]]

[[Ground engineering, geology and man, Northern England|Ground engineering]]
* Bedrock
* Superficial deposits
* Artificial deposits, waste disposal and landfilling

[[Geological hazards, geology and man, Northern England|Geological hazards]]
* Seismicity
* Landslides
* Limestone and gypsum dissolution
* Mining subsidence and fault reactivation
* Minewater discharges
* Natural and mine gas emissions

[[Hydrogeology and water supply, geology and man, Northern England|Hydrogeology and water supply]]
* Lower Palaeozoic rocks
* Carboniferous rocks
* Permian and Triassic rocks
* Quaternary and Holocene deposits

== Bibliography ==
Allen, D J, Brewerton, L J, Coleby, L M, Gibbs, B R, Lewis, M A, MacDonald, A M, Wagstaff, S J, and Williams, A T. 1997. The Physical Properties of Major Aquifers in England and Wales. ''BGS Technical Report'', WD/97/34; ''Environment Agency R & D Publication'', No. 8.

British Standards Institution. 1999. ''BS 5930 Code of practice for site investigations''. (London: British Standards Institution.)

Brown, E T. 1980. ''Rock characterization, testing and monitoring, ISRM Suggested Methods''. (Oxford: Pergamon Press.)

Cooper, A H. 1998. Subsidence hazards caused by the dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, investigation and remediation. 265–275 ''in ''Geohazards in engineering geology. Maund, J G, and Eddleston, M (editiors). ''Geological Society of London Special Engineering Publication'', No. 15.

Dearman, W R, Money, M S, Coffey, J R, Scott, P, and Wheeler, M. 1977. Engineering geological mapping of the Tyne and Wear conurbation, North East England. ''Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology'', Vol. 10, 145–168.

Gutmanis, J C, Lanyon, G W, Wynn, T J, and Watson, C R. 1998. Fluid flow in faults: a study of fault hydrogeology in Triassic sandstone and Ordovician volcaniclastic rocks at Sellafield, north-west England. ''Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society'', Vol. 52, 159–175.

Hughes, D B, and Clarke, B G. 1997. The glacial tills of Northern England in relation to the stability of screening and spoil mounds at opencast coal sites. ''Proceedings of the International Association of Engineering Geology Symposium on Engineering Geology and the Environment, Athens''. 2419–2424. (Rotterdam: Balkema.)

Hughes, D B, Clarke, B G, and Money, M S. 1998. The glacial succession in lowland Northern England. ''Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology'', Vol. 31, 211–234.

Jackson, I, and Lawrence, D J D. 1990. Geology and land-use planning: Morpeth- Bedlington-Ashington: Part 1 Land use planning. ''British Geological Survey Technical Report'', WA/90/14.

Knott, S D. 1994. Fault zone thickness versus displacement in the Permo-Triassic sandstones of NW England. ''Journal of the Geological Society of London'', Vol. 151, 17–25.

Musson, R M W. 2007. British Earthquakes. ''Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association'', Vol. 118, 305–337.

Musson, R M W, and Henni, P H O. 2002. The felt effects of the Carlisle earthquake of 26 December 1979. ''Scottish Journal of Geology'', Vol. 38, 113–126.

Patrick, C K. 1978. Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology. Chapters 17 and 18, 250–275 in ''The Geology of the Lake District''. Moseley, F (editor). ''Yorkshire Geological Society Occasional Publication'', No. 3.

Pettifer, G S, and Fookes, P G. 1994. A revision of the graphical method for assessing the excavatability of rock. ''Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology'', Vol. 27, 145–164.

Ryder, R, and Cooper, A. 1993. A cave system in Permian gypsum at Houtsay Quarry, Newbiggin, Cumbria, England. ''Cave Science'', Vol. 20, 1, July 1993.

[[Category: Northern England]]

Geology and man, Northern England - Revision history

Dbk at 15:47, 5 May 2016

Dbk: 1 revision imported

BobMcIntosh: Created page with "'''From: Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. British regional geology: Northern England|British regional geolo..."