Carboniferous - Fife and Angus - Revision history

Scotfot at 17:01, 23 February 2019

2019-02-23T17:01:01Z

Scotfot: /* Carboniferous */

2019-02-23T16:20:47Z

Carboniferous

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	[[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]], [[Media:FANG_TAB_05.jpg\|(Table 5)]] and [[Media:FANG_TAB_06.jpg\|(Table 6)]]		[[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]], [[Media:FANG_TAB_05.jpg\|(Table 5)]] and [[Media:FANG_TAB_06.jpg\|(Table 6)]]

	Excursion 8		[[Drumcarrow and Dura Den - an excursion\|Excursion 8 Drumcarrow and Dura Den]]

	Excursion 9		[[Kinkell Braes, St Andrews - an excursion\|Excursion 9 Kinkell Braes, St Andrews]]

	Excursion 10		[[Rock and Spindle, St Andrews - an excursion\|Excursion 10 Rock and Spindle, St Andrews]]

	Excursion 11		[[Kingsbarns–Randerston - an excursion\|Excursion 11 Kingsbarns–Randerston]]

	Excursion 12		[[Pittenweem–St Monans - an excursion\|Excursion 12 Pittenweem–St Monans]]

	Excursion 13		[[St Monans–Ardross - an excursion\|Excursion 13 St Monans–Ardross]]

	Excursion 14		[[Ardross–Elie Harbour - an excursion\|Excursion 14 Ardross–Elie Harbour]]

	Excursion 15		[[Kincraig - an excursion\|Excursion 15 Kincraig]]

	Excursion 16		[[East Lomond - an excursion\|Excursion 16 East Lomond]]

	Excursion 17		[[Bishop Hill - an excursion\|Excursion 17 Bishop Hill]]

	Excursion 18		[[Kinghorn–Kirkcaldy - an excursion\|Excursion 18 Kinghorn–Kirkcaldy]]

	Outcrops of rocks belonging to the Carboniferous System lie mainly south-east of a line extending from Guard-bridge, at the mouth of the River Eden, to the south side of Loch Leven, except for the Lomond Hills mass, which projects to the north-west, and small faulted outliers occurring near Errol, Newburgh and Bridge of Earn (see [[Media:FANG_MAP_02.jpg\|(Map 2)]]). Within this area all the major units of the Carboniferous System are represented. The outcrop distribution is partly controlled by two large complementary structures trending N–S: (1) the Leven Syncline in which the Upper Carboniferous is preserved and which continues across the Firth of Forth to join the Lothian Syncline, and (2) the Burntisland Anticline in which Lower Carboniferous rocks are exposed. The Carboniferous rocks are subdivided as shown in [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]. They are described in ascending order from bottom to top, volcanic rocks being included in their correct stratigraphical position.		Outcrops of rocks belonging to the Carboniferous System lie mainly south-east of a line extending from Guard-bridge, at the mouth of the River Eden, to the south side of Loch Leven, except for the Lomond Hills mass, which projects to the north-west, and small faulted outliers occurring near Errol, Newburgh and Bridge of Earn (see [[Media:FANG_MAP_02.jpg\|(Map 2)]]). Within this area all the major units of the Carboniferous System are represented. The outcrop distribution is partly controlled by two large complementary structures trending N–S: (1) the Leven Syncline in which the Upper Carboniferous is preserved and which continues across the Firth of Forth to join the Lothian Syncline, and (2) the Burntisland Anticline in which Lower Carboniferous rocks are exposed. The Carboniferous rocks are subdivided as shown in [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]. They are described in ascending order from bottom to top, volcanic rocks being included in their correct stratigraphical position.

Scotfot: /* Strathclyde Group */

2019-02-22T21:55:38Z

Strathclyde Group

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	The Strathclyde Group attains its greatest thickness in East Fife in the Anstruther Anticline where the succession is over 2000 m thick without reaching the Inverclyde Group believed to lie beneath (Browne 1980a, p. 326). The rock types in order of abundance are (1) sandstones, often with ripple marking and cross bedding; (2) clays and shales often with nodules of clayband ironstone; (3) seatearths (fossil soils), though rarely with coal over them, those that do occur usually being very thin; (4) limestones, which are very rare and seldom more than 30 cm thick. A cyclic repetition of these rock types is characteristic (Francis 1991a, p. 347) and much research has been devoted to a study of this, e.g. Fielding ''et al.'' (1988).		The Strathclyde Group attains its greatest thickness in East Fife in the Anstruther Anticline where the succession is over 2000 m thick without reaching the Inverclyde Group believed to lie beneath (Browne 1980a, p. 326). The rock types in order of abundance are (1) sandstones, often with ripple marking and cross bedding; (2) clays and shales often with nodules of clayband ironstone; (3) seatearths (fossil soils), though rarely with coal over them, those that do occur usually being very thin; (4) limestones, which are very rare and seldom more than 30 cm thick. A cyclic repetition of these rock types is characteristic (Francis 1991a, p. 347) and much research has been devoted to a study of this, e.g. Fielding ''et al.'' (1988).

	Some of the limestones, which are usually dolomitised, and a few of the shales are marine and may carry crinoid ossicles, gastropods, the brachiopods ''Lingula'', '''Productus''', ''Schizophoria,'' and ''Rhynchonella'' (''Camarotoechia'')and the bivalves ''Naiadites'' and ''Schizodus.'' The St Monans White Limestone yielding the corals ''Lithostrotion'' and ''Dibunophyllum'' is unique in the area. These marine horizons are generally impersistent and only the Pittenweem Marine Band, equivalent to the Macgregor Marine Bands of East Lothian (Wilson 1974) (Excursions 9 and 10) has been detected over any considerable part of the district. The non-marine shales yield bivalves and ostracods and usually finely comminuted plant debris, while the sandstones commonly contain ''Stigmaria'' (roots) and stems of ''Lepidodendron.''		Some of the limestones, which are usually dolomitised, and a few of the shales are marine and may carry crinoid ossicles, gastropods, the brachiopods ''Lingula'', ''Productus'', ''Schizophoria,'' and ''Rhynchonella'' (''Camarotoechia'')and the bivalves ''Naiadites'' and ''Schizodus.'' The St Monans White Limestone yielding the corals ''Lithostrotion'' and ''Dibunophyllum'' is unique in the area. These marine horizons are generally impersistent and only the Pittenweem Marine Band, equivalent to the Macgregor Marine Bands of East Lothian (Wilson 1974) (Excursions 9 and 10) has been detected over any considerable part of the district. The non-marine shales yield bivalves and ostracods and usually finely comminuted plant debris, while the sandstones commonly contain ''Stigmaria'' (roots) and stems of ''Lepidodendron.''

	The formations of the Strathclyde Group, defined on their lithology, have been traced over East Fife by Forsyth and Chisholm (1977, Fig. 2, p. 12) and there is much detailed information in their memoir.		The formations of the Strathclyde Group, defined on their lithology, have been traced over East Fife by Forsyth and Chisholm (1977, Fig. 2, p. 12) and there is much detailed information in their memoir.

Scotfot: /* Conditions of sedimentation */

2019-02-22T21:55:02Z

Conditions of sedimentation

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	\| '''West of Scotland'''		\| '''West of Scotland'''
	\| '''West Fife'''		\| '''West Fife'''
	\| '''~~Kinghorn- Kirkcaldy~~'''		\| '''Kinghorn–Kirkcaldy'''
	\| '''Bishop Hill'''		\| '''Bishop Hill'''
	\| '''St Monans'''		\| '''St Monans'''

Scotfot: /* Conditions of sedimentation */

2019-02-22T21:54:33Z

Conditions of sedimentation

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	{\|class="wikitable"		{\|class="wikitable"
	\|-		\|-
	\|\| '''Standard names of Wilson~~'''</span>~~		\|\| '''Standard names of Wilson (1989)'''
			\| colspan="4" \|'''Limestones of the Lower Limestone Group'''
	~~'''~~(1989)'''
	\| colspan="4" \|'''Limestones of the Lower Limestone Group'''~~</span>~~
	\|-		\|-
	\| '''West of Scotland'''		\| '''West of Scotland'''

Scotfot: /* Conditions of sedimentation */

2019-02-22T21:53:48Z

Conditions of sedimentation

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	The area underwent subsidence with intermittent flooding by the sea such that clear-water marine limestone formed. On each occasion the area was then silted up with marine clays followed by non-marine clays which gave way in turn to bedded and then cross-bedded sandstones as deltaic conditions spread across the area. These sandstones are frequently covered by seatearths (fossil soils) and coal seams indicating that forests grew on top of the deltas. Gentle subsidence during the period of forest growth was followed by more rapid tectonic subsidence (Fielding ''et al.'' 1988, p. 252) and a fresh invasion of the sea, giving rise to marine clays and then clear-water marine limestone once more.		The area underwent subsidence with intermittent flooding by the sea such that clear-water marine limestone formed. On each occasion the area was then silted up with marine clays followed by non-marine clays which gave way in turn to bedded and then cross-bedded sandstones as deltaic conditions spread across the area. These sandstones are frequently covered by seatearths (fossil soils) and coal seams indicating that forests grew on top of the deltas. Gentle subsidence during the period of forest growth was followed by more rapid tectonic subsidence (Fielding ''et al.'' 1988, p. 252) and a fresh invasion of the sea, giving rise to marine clays and then clear-water marine limestone once more.

	'''Standard names of Wilson'''		{\|class="wikitable"
			\|-
			\|\| '''Standard names of Wilson'''</span>

	'''(1989)'''		'''(1989)'''
			\| colspan="4" \|'''Limestones of the Lower Limestone Group'''</span>
	'''Limestones of the Lower Limestone Group'''		\|-
			\| '''West of Scotland'''
	'''West of Scotland'''		\| '''West Fife'''
			\| '''Kinghorn- Kirkcaldy'''
	'''West Fife'''		\| '''Bishop Hill'''
			\| '''St Monans'''
	'''Kinghorn- Kirkcaldy'''		\|-
			\| Four Hosie Limestones
	'''Bishop Hill'''		\| Kinniny Limestones & Seafield MB
			\| Kinniny Limestones & Seafield MB
	'''St Monans'''		\| —
			\| Kinniny Limestones & Seafield MB
	Four Hosie Limestones		\|-
			\| Blackhall
	Kinniny Limestones		\| Charlestown Main
			\| Seafield Tower
	& Seafield MB		\| Charlestown Main
			\| Charlestown Main
	Kinniny Limestones & Seafield MB		\|-
			\| Craigenhill
	—		\| Charlestown Green
			\| —
	Kinniny Limestones & Seafield MB		\| —
			\| St Monans Little
	Blackhall		\|-
			\| Hurlet
	Charlestown Main		\| Charlestown Station
			\| Abden Limestones
	Seafield Tower		\| Charlestown Station
			\| St Monans Brecciated
	Charlestown Main		\|-
			\|}
	Charlestown Main

	Craigenhill

	Charlestown Green

	—

	—

	St Monans Little

	Hurlet

	Charlestown Station

	Abden Limestones

	Charlestown Station

	St Monans Brecciated

	== Limestone Coal Formation ==		== Limestone Coal Formation ==

Scotfot: /* Inverclyde Group */

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Inverclyde Group

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	Rocks of this age are present (1) at Fife Ness and Kingsbarns (2) in Stratheden and at Loch Leven and (3) in the Carse of Gowrie.		Rocks of this age are present (1) at Fife Ness and Kingsbarns (2) in Stratheden and at Loch Leven and (3) in the Carse of Gowrie.

	1. At Fife Ness and Kingsbarns (Excursion 11) the Balcomie Beds consist of yellow and reddish sandstones with green and purple marls and rare purple conglomerates with andesite pebbles up to 2 cm long in a muddy matrix. Calcrete soils are developed. No fossils have been found in these rocks but they resemble the Inverclyde Group Downie's Loup Sandstone of the Stirling district (Browne 1980a). The andesite pebbles imply not too distant erosion of Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas at the time of deposition.		# At Fife Ness and Kingsbarns (Excursion 11) the Balcomie Beds consist of yellow and reddish sandstones with green and purple marls and rare purple conglomerates with andesite pebbles up to 2 cm long in a muddy matrix. Calcrete soils are developed. No fossils have been found in these rocks but they resemble the Inverclyde Group Downie's Loup Sandstone of the Stirling district (Browne 1980a). The andesite pebbles imply not too distant erosion of Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas at the time of deposition.
			# In Stratheden and around the Lomond Hills the Kinnesswood Formation also includes calcrete soil profiles in a sequence of pebbly, fluviatile sandstones. Although absent from Bishop Hill (Excursion 17) Ballagan Formation cementstones and clays are present at Kingskettle (130 m: Browne 1980a, p. 325), Benarty and Navitie.
	2. In Stratheden and around the Lomond Hills the Kinnesswood Formation also includes calcrete soil profiles in a sequence of pebbly, fluviatile sandstones. Although absent from Bishop Hill (Excursion 17) Ballagan Formation cementstones and clays are present at Kingskettle (130 m: Browne 1980a, p. 325), Benarty and Navitie.		# In the Carse of Gowrie the Kinnesswood Formation (33 m: Browne 1980b, p. 4) is known mainly from boreholes. There too it comprises reddish and yellow sandstones with calcrete soils and mudstones. The Ballagan Formation (240 m+) comprises mudstones with cementstones and some sandstones. Salt pseudomorphs, desiccation cracks and a restricted fauna point to lagoonal conditions of formation while plant spores confirm a Tournaisian age for the rocks.

	3. In the Carse of Gowrie the Kinnesswood Formation (33 m: Browne 1980b, p. 4) is known mainly from boreholes. There too it comprises reddish and yellow sandstones with calcrete soils and mudstones. The Ballagan Formation (240 m+) comprises mudstones with cementstones and some sandstones. Salt pseudomorphs, desiccation cracks and a restricted fauna point to lagoonal conditions of formation while plant spores confirm a Tournaisian age for the rocks.

	== Strathclyde Group ==		== Strathclyde Group ==

Scotfot at 21:45, 22 February 2019

2019-02-22T21:45:56Z

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	{{FifeandAngus}}		{{FifeandAngus}}
			[[File:_FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|thumbnail\|Table 4 Correlation table for the Carboniferous of Fife.]]

			[[File:_FANG_TAB_05.jpg\|thumbnail\|Table 5 Carboniferous rocks of Fife.]]

			[[File:_FANG_TAB_06.jpg\|thumbnail\|Table 6 Limestones of the Lower Limestone Group in Fife and their correlation.]]


	== Carboniferous ==		== Carboniferous ==

Scotfot at 21:44, 22 February 2019

2019-02-22T21:44:56Z

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	Variations in thickness in the Limestone Coal Formation:		Variations in thickness in the Limestone Coal Formation:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''
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	The base of the formation is drawn at the horizon of the Index Limestone. Above it the Upper Limestone Formation varies in thickness as follows:		The base of the formation is drawn at the horizon of the Index Limestone. Above it the Upper Limestone Formation varies in thickness as follows:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath- Lochore Syncline'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath- Lochore Syncline'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''
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	The Coal Measures are subdivided as follows (see [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]):		The Coal Measures are subdivided as follows (see [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]):

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| Upper Coal Measures		\|\| Upper Coal Measures
	\|\| Westphalian C and D		\|\| Westphalian C and D
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	(i) The movements contemporary with sedimentation can be most readily discerned in a strip, approximately 20 km wide from east to west, lying north of Burntisland and extending northwards to the Lomond Hills. This strip includes the Burntisland Anticline which persisted as an area of minimum subsidence from early Strathclyde Group times to Passage Formation times. Details of the thinning of each group of sediments over the anticline are given above and the total effect is summarized below:		(i) The movements contemporary with sedimentation can be most readily discerned in a strip, approximately 20 km wide from east to west, lying north of Burntisland and extending northwards to the Lomond Hills. This strip includes the Burntisland Anticline which persisted as an area of minimum subsidence from early Strathclyde Group times to Passage Formation times. Details of the thinning of each group of sediments over the anticline are given above and the total effect is summarized below:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath area'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath area'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''

Scotfot: Created page with "{{FifeandAngus}} == Carboniferous == (Table 4), (Table 5) and (Table 6) Excursion 8 Excursion..."

2019-02-22T21:42:41Z

Created page with "{{FifeandAngus}} == Carboniferous == (Table 4), (Table 5) and (Table 6) Excursion 8 Excursion..."

Show changes

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:44, 22 February 2019
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	Variations in thickness in the Limestone Coal Formation:		Variations in thickness in the Limestone Coal Formation:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''
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	The base of the formation is drawn at the horizon of the Index Limestone. Above it the Upper Limestone Formation varies in thickness as follows:		The base of the formation is drawn at the horizon of the Index Limestone. Above it the Upper Limestone Formation varies in thickness as follows:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath- Lochore Syncline'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath- Lochore Syncline'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''
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	The Coal Measures are subdivided as follows (see [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]):		The Coal Measures are subdivided as follows (see [[Media:FANG_TAB_04.jpg\|(Table 4)]]):

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| Upper Coal Measures		\|\| Upper Coal Measures
	\|\| Westphalian C and D		\|\| Westphalian C and D
Line 243:		Line 243:
	(i) The movements contemporary with sedimentation can be most readily discerned in a strip, approximately 20 km wide from east to west, lying north of Burntisland and extending northwards to the Lomond Hills. This strip includes the Burntisland Anticline which persisted as an area of minimum subsidence from early Strathclyde Group times to Passage Formation times. Details of the thinning of each group of sediments over the anticline are given above and the total effect is summarized below:		(i) The movements contemporary with sedimentation can be most readily discerned in a strip, approximately 20 km wide from east to west, lying north of Burntisland and extending northwards to the Lomond Hills. This strip includes the Burntisland Anticline which persisted as an area of minimum subsidence from early Strathclyde Group times to Passage Formation times. Details of the thinning of each group of sediments over the anticline are given above and the total effect is summarized below:

	{\|		{\| class="wikitable"
	\|\| '''Cowdenbeath area'''		\|\| '''Cowdenbeath area'''
	\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''		\|\| '''Burntisland Anticline'''