Caledonian structure and magmatism of the Southern Uplands - Revision history

Dbk: Text replacement - "'''From: Stone, P, McMillan, A A, Floyd, J D, Barnes, R P, and Phillips, E R. 2012. British regional geology: South of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''" to "{{SSRG}}"

2018-02-01T15:09:48Z

Text replacement - "'''From: Stone, P, McMillan, A A, Floyd, J D, Barnes, R P, and Phillips, E R. 2012. British regional geology: South of Scotland. Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''" to "{{SSRG}}"

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	'''From: Stone, P, McMillan, A A, Floyd, J D, Barnes, R P, and Phillips, E R. 2012. [[British regional geology: South of Scotland\|British regional geology: South of Scotland.]] Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''		{{SSRG}}
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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	As the Iapetus Ocean closed, collisional events at its margins caused episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Two main events can be identified. The Grampian Event (which peaked at about 470 Ma) was caused by the arrival at the Laurentian margin of arc terranes represented, in small part, by the Upper Ordovician Ballantrae Complex ophiolite ([[Media:P912315.~~png~~\|P912315]]b). The Scandian Event (about 430 Ma) resulted from the collision of Laurentia with Baltica but its effects are largely restricted to northern Scotland. The slightly later convergence of Laurentia with Avalonia and the final elimination of the Iapetus Ocean was a much less dramatic affair that is barely identifiable in the tectonic record. Though it might be anticipated to have had a profound effect in the Southern Uplands terrane, the leading edge of Laurentia, the deformation seen therein is mostly the result of the Late Ordovician to mid Silurian, diachronous accretionary process ([[Media:P912315.~~png~~\|P912315]]c,d). One possible effect of the collision, implicit in [[Media:P912318.~~png~~\|P912318]], was the north-directed thrust emplacement of the accretionary complex onto Laurentian crystalline basement. Farther to the north, more demonstrable north-directed thrust movements probably instigated by the collision produced the large-scale, Wenlock (about 425 Ma) thrust reactivation of faults affecting the Girvan sequence. The coming together of Laurentia and Avalonia was then followed during the Early Devonian (at about 400 Ma) by the Acadian orogenic event, which was initiated much farther south by the arrival of another Gondwanan continental fragment at the southern margin of Avalonia as the Rheic Ocean closed ([[Media:P912314.~~png~~\|P912314]]c). Acadian effects are most pronounced in northern England and Wales but some tectonic features of the Southern Uplands were influenced by that event. Of particular importance was the transtensional regime that, between about 410 Ma and 397 Ma, focused the intrusion of dyke swarms and granitic plutons.		[[File:P912315.jpg\|thumbnail\|Stages in the closure of the Iapetus Ocean . P912315.]]
			[[File:P912318.jpg\|thumbnail\|Deep crustal sections across the Iapetus Suture Zone. P912318.]]
			[[File:P912314.jpg\|thumbnail\|Palaeogeographical reconstructions from the Ordovician to the Cretaceous. P912314.]]
			As the Iapetus Ocean closed, collisional events at its margins caused episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Two main events can be identified. The Grampian Event (which peaked at about 470 Ma) was caused by the arrival at the Laurentian margin of arc terranes represented, in small part, by the Upper Ordovician Ballantrae Complex ophiolite ([[Media:P912315.jpg\|P912315]]b). The Scandian Event (about 430 Ma) resulted from the collision of Laurentia with Baltica but its effects are largely restricted to northern Scotland. The slightly later convergence of Laurentia with Avalonia and the final elimination of the Iapetus Ocean was a much less dramatic affair that is barely identifiable in the tectonic record. Though it might be anticipated to have had a profound effect in the Southern Uplands terrane, the leading edge of Laurentia, the deformation seen therein is mostly the result of the Late Ordovician to mid Silurian, diachronous accretionary process ([[Media:P912315.jpg\|P912315]]c,d). One possible effect of the collision, implicit in [[Media:P912318.jpg\|P912318]], was the north-directed thrust emplacement of the accretionary complex onto Laurentian crystalline basement. Farther to the north, more demonstrable north-directed thrust movements probably instigated by the collision produced the large-scale, Wenlock (about 425 Ma) thrust reactivation of faults affecting the Girvan sequence. The coming together of Laurentia and Avalonia was then followed during the Early Devonian (at about 400 Ma) by the Acadian orogenic event, which was initiated much farther south by the arrival of another Gondwanan continental fragment at the southern margin of Avalonia as the Rheic Ocean closed ([[Media:P912314.jpg\|P912314]]c). Acadian effects are most pronounced in northern England and Wales but some tectonic features of the Southern Uplands were influenced by that event. Of particular importance was the transtensional regime that, between about 410 Ma and 397 Ma, focused the intrusion of dyke swarms and granitic plutons.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

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	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==
	As the Iapetus Ocean closed, collisional events at its margins caused episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Two main events can be identified. The Grampian Event (which peaked at about 470 Ma) was caused by the arrival at the Laurentian margin of arc terranes represented, in small part, by the Upper Ordovician Ballantrae Complex ophiolite (~~P912315b~~). The Scandian Event (about 430 Ma) resulted from the collision of Laurentia with Baltica but its effects are largely restricted to northern Scotland. The slightly later convergence of Laurentia with Avalonia and the final elimination of the Iapetus Ocean was a much less dramatic affair that is barely identifiable in the tectonic record. Though it might be anticipated to have had a profound effect in the Southern Uplands terrane, the leading edge of Laurentia, the deformation seen therein is mostly the result of the Late Ordovician to mid Silurian, diachronous accretionary process (~~P912315c~~,d). One possible effect of the collision, implicit in P912318, was the north-directed thrust emplacement of the accretionary complex onto Laurentian crystalline basement. Farther to the north, more demonstrable north-directed thrust movements probably instigated by the collision produced the large-scale, Wenlock (about 425 Ma) thrust reactivation of faults affecting the Girvan sequence. The coming together of Laurentia and Avalonia was then followed during the Early Devonian (at about 400 Ma) by the Acadian orogenic event, which was initiated much farther south by the arrival of another Gondwanan continental fragment at the southern margin of Avalonia as the Rheic Ocean closed (~~P912314c~~). Acadian effects are most pronounced in northern England and Wales but some tectonic features of the Southern Uplands were influenced by that event. Of particular importance was the transtensional regime that, between about 410 Ma and 397 Ma, focused the intrusion of dyke swarms and granitic plutons.		As the Iapetus Ocean closed, collisional events at its margins caused episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Two main events can be identified. The Grampian Event (which peaked at about 470 Ma) was caused by the arrival at the Laurentian margin of arc terranes represented, in small part, by the Upper Ordovician Ballantrae Complex ophiolite ([[Media:P912315.png\|P912315]]b). The Scandian Event (about 430 Ma) resulted from the collision of Laurentia with Baltica but its effects are largely restricted to northern Scotland. The slightly later convergence of Laurentia with Avalonia and the final elimination of the Iapetus Ocean was a much less dramatic affair that is barely identifiable in the tectonic record. Though it might be anticipated to have had a profound effect in the Southern Uplands terrane, the leading edge of Laurentia, the deformation seen therein is mostly the result of the Late Ordovician to mid Silurian, diachronous accretionary process ([[Media:P912315.png\|P912315]]c,d). One possible effect of the collision, implicit in [[Media:P912318.png\|P912318]], was the north-directed thrust emplacement of the accretionary complex onto Laurentian crystalline basement. Farther to the north, more demonstrable north-directed thrust movements probably instigated by the collision produced the large-scale, Wenlock (about 425 Ma) thrust reactivation of faults affecting the Girvan sequence. The coming together of Laurentia and Avalonia was then followed during the Early Devonian (at about 400 Ma) by the Acadian orogenic event, which was initiated much farther south by the arrival of another Gondwanan continental fragment at the southern margin of Avalonia as the Rheic Ocean closed ([[Media:P912314.png\|P912314]]c). Acadian effects are most pronounced in northern England and Wales but some tectonic features of the Southern Uplands were influenced by that event. Of particular importance was the transtensional regime that, between about 410 Ma and 397 Ma, focused the intrusion of dyke swarms and granitic plutons.

	== Bibliography ==		== Bibliography ==

Dbk: 1 revision imported

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← Older revision	Revision as of 14:46, 20 July 2015
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Lmo at 12:47, 12 May 2015

2015-05-12T12:47:55Z

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'''From: Stone, P, McMillan, A A, Floyd, J D, Barnes, R P, and Phillips, E R. 2012. [[British regional geology: South of Scotland|British regional geology: South of Scotland.]] Fourth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''
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== Introduction ==
As the Iapetus Ocean closed, collisional events at its margins caused episodes of deformation and metamorphism. Two main events can be identified. The Grampian Event (which peaked at about 470 Ma) was caused by the arrival at the Laurentian margin of arc terranes represented, in small part, by the Upper Ordovician Ballantrae Complex ophiolite (P912315b). The Scandian Event (about 430 Ma) resulted from the collision of Laurentia with Baltica but its effects are largely restricted to northern Scotland. The slightly later convergence of Laurentia with Avalonia and the final elimination of the Iapetus Ocean was a much less dramatic affair that is barely identifiable in the tectonic record. Though it might be anticipated to have had a profound effect in the Southern Uplands terrane, the leading edge of Laurentia, the deformation seen therein is mostly the result of the Late Ordovician to mid Silurian, diachronous accretionary process (P912315c,d). One possible effect of the collision, implicit in P912318, was the north-directed thrust emplacement of the accretionary complex onto Laurentian crystalline basement. Farther to the north, more demonstrable north-directed thrust movements probably instigated by the collision produced the large-scale, Wenlock (about 425 Ma) thrust reactivation of faults affecting the Girvan sequence. The coming together of Laurentia and Avalonia was then followed during the Early Devonian (at about 400 Ma) by the Acadian orogenic event, which was initiated much farther south by the arrival of another Gondwanan continental fragment at the southern margin of Avalonia as the Rheic Ocean closed (P912314c). Acadian effects are most pronounced in northern England and Wales but some tectonic features of the Southern Uplands were influenced by that event. Of particular importance was the transtensional regime that, between about 410 Ma and 397 Ma, focused the intrusion of dyke swarms and granitic plutons.

== Bibliography ==
Akhurst, M C, McMillan, A A, Kimbell, G S, Stone, P, and Merriman, R J. 2001. Silurian subduction-related assembly of fault-defined tracts at the Laurieston Fault, Southern Uplands accretionary terrane, Scotland, UK. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 91, 435–446.

Anderson, T B. 2001. Structural interpretations of the Southern Uplands Terrane. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 91, 363–373.

Anderson, T B, and Oliver, G J H. 1986. The Orlock Bridge Fault: a major late Caledonian sinistral fault in the Southern Uplands terrane, British Isles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 77, 203–222.

Armstrong, H A, Owen, A W, Scrutton, C T, Clarkson, E N K, and Taylor, C M. 1996. Evolution of the Northern Belt, Southern Uplands: implications for the Southern Uplands controversy. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 153, 197–205.

Barnes, R P, and Stone, P. 1999. Trans-Iapetus contrasts in the geological development of southern Scotland (Laurentia) and the Lakesman Terrane (Avalonia). 307–323 in In sight of the Suture: the Palaeozoic geology of the Isle of Man in its Iapetus Ocean context. Woodcock, N H, Quirk, D G, Fitches, W R, and Barnes, R P (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publication, No. 160.

Barnes, R P, Lintern, B C, and Stone, P. 1989. Timing and regional implications of deformation in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 146, 905–908.

Kimbell, G S, and Stone, P. 1995. Crustal magnetisation variations across the Iapetus Suture Zone. Geological Magazine, Vol. 132, 599–609.

Leake, R C, and Cooper, C. 1983. The Black Stockarton Moor subvolcanic complex, Galloway. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 140, 665–676.

McCurry, J A, and Anderson, T B. 1989. Landward vergence in the Lower Palaeozoic, Southern Uplands–Down–Longford terrane. Geology, Vol. 17, 630–633.

Merriman, R J, and Roberts, B. 2001. Low-grade metamorphism in the Scottish Southern Uplands terrane: deciphering the patterns of accretionary burial, shearing and cryptic aureoles. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 91, 521–537.

Needham, D T. 2004. Deformation in Moffat Shale detachment zones in the western part of the Scottish Southern Uplands. Geological Magazine, Vol.141, 441–453.

Needham, D T, and Knipe, R J. 1986. Accretion- and collision-related deformation in the Southern Uplands accretionary wedge. Geology, Vol. 14, 303–306.

Phillips, E R, Barnes, R P, Boland, M P, Fortey, N J, and McMillan, A A. 1995. The Moniaive Shear Zone: a major zone of sinistral strike-slip deformation in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Scottish Journal of Geology, Vol. 31, 139–149.

Rock, N M S, Gaskarth, J W, and Rundle, C C. 1986. Late Caledonian dyke-swarms in southern Scotland: a regional zone of primitive K-rich lamprophyres and associated veins. Journal of Geology, Vol. 94, 505–522.

Rushton, A W A, Stone, P, and Hughes, R A. 1996. Biostratigraphical control of thrust models for the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, Vol. 86, 137–152.

Thirlwall, M F. 1988. Geochronology of late Caledonian magmatism in Northern Britain. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Vol. 145, 951–967.

== Related articles ==

:: [[Obduction of the Ballantrae Complex, Southern Uplands|Obduction of the Ballantrae Complex]]

:: [[Deformation of the Girvan succession, Southern Uplands|Deformation of the Girvan succession]]

:: [[Southern Uplands accretionary complex|Southern Uplands accretionary complex]]

:: [[Late Caledonian dyke swarms, Southern Uplands|Late Caledonian dyke swarms]]

:: [[Late Caledonian plutonic rocks, Southern Uplands|Late Caledonian plutonic rocks]]

[[Category:South of Scotland]]