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	The British regional geology: Northern England has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG07 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:		The British regional geology: Northern England has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG07 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:

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The British regional geology: Northern England has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG07 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:

'''Stone, P, Millward, D, Young, B, Merritt, J W, Clarke, S M, McCormac, M and Lawrence, D J D. 2010. British regional geology: Northern England. Fifth edition. Keyworth, Nottingham: British Geological Survey.'''

[[File:P749351.jpg|200px|right|British Regional Geology: Northern England (Fifth edition). P749351.]]

== Contents ==
=== [[Northern England – introduction to geology|Introduction]] ===

:: [[Northern England – introduction to geology#Regional tectonic framework|Regional tectonic framework]]

:: [[Northern England – introduction to geology#And so to the present|And so to the present]]

=== [[Early Ordovician: Skiddaw and Manx groups, introduction and stratigraphical framework, Northern England|Early Ordovician: Skiddaw and Manx groups]] ===

:: [[Early Ordovician: Skiddaw and Manx groups, introduction and stratigraphical framework, Northern England#Stratigraphical framework|Stratigraphical framework]]

:: [[Skiddaw Group succession, early Ordovician, Northern England|Skiddaw Group succession]]

:: [[Manx Group succession, early Ordovician, Northern England|Manx Group succession]]

:: [[Depositional regime, Skiddaw and Manx groups, early Ordovician, Northern England|Depositional regime]]

:: [[Basin uplift and volcanism, Skiddaw and Manx groups, early Ordovician, Northern England|Basin uplift and volcanism]]

=== [[Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Ordovician: Caradoc magmatism]]===

:: [[Timing and structural setting of Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Timing and structural setting]]

:: [[Borrowdale Volcanic Group, introduction, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Borrowdale Volcanic Group]]

::: [[Borrowdale Volcanic Group, lower andesitic eruptive phase, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Lower andesitic eruptive phase]]

::: [[Borrowdale Volcanic Group, upper silicic eruptive phase, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Upper silicic eruptive phase]]
:::[[Borrowdale Volcanic Group, contemporaneous intrusive rocks and petrography of the volcanic rocks, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Contemporaneous intrusive rocks and petrography of the volcanic rocks]]
:: [[Eycott Volcanic Group, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Eycott Volcanic Group]]

:: [[Lake District Batholith, Caradoc magmatism, Ordovician, Northern England|Lake District Batholith]]

=== [[Windemere Supergroup, introduction and stratigraphical framework, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Late Ordovician to Silurian: Windermere Supergroup]] ===

:: [[Windemere Supergroup, introduction and stratigraphical framework, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England#Stratigraphical framework|Stratigraphical framework]]

:: [[Dent Group succession, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Dent Group succession]]

:: [[Stockdale Group succession, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Stockdale Group succession]]

:: [[Tranearth Group succession, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Tranearth Group succession]]

:: [[Coniston Group succession, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Coniston Group succession]]

:: [[Kendal Group succession, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Kendal Group succession]]

:: [[Depositional environments, Windemere Supergroup, late Ordovician to Silurian, Northern England|Depositional environments]]

:: [[Windemere Supergroup, Southern Uplands and Isle of Man|Southern Uplands and Isle of Man]]

=== Devonian: Acadian deformation and magmatism ===

:: [[Convergence of Avalonia and Laurentia, Devonian, Northern England|Convergence of Avalonia and Laurentia]]

:: [[Acadian Orogeny, Devonian, Northern England|Acadian Orogeny]]

:: [[Early Devonian magmatism, Acadian Orogeny, Devonian, Northern England|Early Devonian magmatism]]

:: [[Old Red Sandstone, Devonian, Northern England|Old Red Sandstone]]

=== [[Carboniferous: blocks, basins and sedimentary cyclicity, Northern England|Carboniferous: blocks, basins and sedimentary cyclicity]] ===

:: [[Stratigraphical principles, Carboniferous, Northern England|Stratigraphical principles]]

:: [[Depositional controls, Carboniferous, Northern England|Depositional controls]]

:: [[Northern ‘Dinantian’ successions, Carboniferous, Northern England|Northern ‘Dinantian’ successions]]

:: [[Southern ‘Dinantian’ successions, Carboniferous, Northern England|Southern ‘Dinantian’ successions]]

:: [[Yoredale Group, Visean to Namurian, Carboniferous, Northern England|Yoredale Group, Visean to Namurian]]

:: [[Pennine Coal Measures Group, Carboniferous, Northern England|Pennine Coal Measures Group, Westphalian]]

:: [[Westphalian Coal Measures, Carboniferous, Northern England|Westphalian stratigraphy]]

:: [[Warwickshire Group, Carboniferous, Northern England|Warwickshire Group]]

=== [[Late Carboniferous to early Permian deformation|Late Carboniferous to early Permian deformation and magmatism]] ===

:: [[Late Carboniferous structures, Northern England|Late Carboniferous structures]]

:: [[Early Permian magmatism, Northern England|Early Permian magmatism]]

=== [[Permian, Triassic and Jurassic: deserts, rivers and shallow seas, introduction, Northern England|Permian, Triassic and Jurassic: deserts, rivers and shallow seas]] ===

:: [[Early Permian environment and lithostratigraphy, Northern England|Early Permian]]

:: [[Late Permian environment and lithostratigraphy, Northern England|Late Permian]]

:: [[Triassic and Jurassic environment and lithostratigraphy, Northern England|Triassic and Jurassic]]

=== [[Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism, Northern England|Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism]] ===

:: [[Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism, Northern England#Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extension|Jurassic to Early Cretaceous extension]]

:: [[Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism, Northern England#Palaeogene magmatism|Palaeogene magmatism]]

:: [[Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism, Northern England#Cenozoic uplift and basin inversion|Cenozoic uplift and basin inversion]]

=== [[Mineralization in Northern England|Mineralisation]] ===

:: [[Mineralization in the Lake District|Lake District]]

:: [[Haematite deposits of Cumbria|Haematite deposits of Cumbria]]

:: [[Mineralization in the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]]

:: [[Northern Pennine Orefield|Northern Pennine Orefield]]

:: [[Basin-margin mineralisation, Cumbrian coast to Northumberland|Basin-margin mineralisation]]

=== Quaternary: ice sheets and a changing climate ===

:: [[Landscape evolution, Northern England|Landscape evolution]]

:: [[Record of climate change, Northern England|Record of climate change]]

:: [[Lithostratigraphy, Quaternary, Northern England|Lithostratigraphy]]

:: [[Early and Mid Quaternary, Northern England|Early and mid Quaternary]]

:: [[Ipswichian Interglacial, Quaternary, Northern England|Ipswichian Interglacial]]

:: [[Early and Mid Devensian, Quaternary, Northern England|Early and mid Devensian]]

:: [[Main Late Devensian glaciation, Quaternary, Northern England|Main late Devensian glaciation]]

:::: [[Main Late Devensian glaciation of the Isle of Man|Isle of Man]]

:::: [[Main Late Devensian glaciation of north-west England|North-west England]]

:::: [[Main Late Devensian glaciation of north-east England|North-east England]]

:: [[Late glacial period, Quaternary, Northern England|Late glacial period]]

:: [[Holocene, Northern England|Holocene]]

:: [[Quaternary—Holocene sea-level changes, Northern England|Sea-level change]]

=== [[Geology and man, Northern England|Geology and man]] ===

:: [[Fuel and energy, geology and man, Northern England|Fuel and energy]]

:: [[Industrial minerals, geology and man, Northern England|Industrial minerals]]

:: [[Metalliferous and associated minerals, geology and man, Northern England|Metalliferous and associated minerals]]

:: [[Building stone, geology and man, Northern England|Building stone]]

:: [[Ground engineering, geology and man, Northern England|Ground engineering]]

:: [[Geological hazards, geology and man, Northern England|Geological hazards]]

:: [[Hydrogeology and water supply, geology and man, Northern England|Hydrogeology and water supply]]

== Foreword to the fifth edition ==

Northern England is underlain by a wide variety of rocks with an exposed geological history spanning almost 500 million years. Its mineral wealth, in terms of both coal and metal,has driven the industrial development of parts of the region and has contributed much to the prosperity of the United Kingdom as a whole. The underlying geological diversity also imparts to the region its scenic range and high landscape value. Two of England’s National Parks, the Lake District and Northumberland, form substantial parts of the area described here whilst a third, the Yorkshire Dales, overlaps its southern margin. Recognised Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty include the Northumberland Coast, the Solway Coast, and the North Pennines, the last of these areas is also designated a UNESCO European and Global Geopark.

The first edition of this guide to the geology of Northern England was written by T Eastwood and published in 1935. The second and third editions were closely based on the original work, though with some additions by F M Trotter and W Anderson. The fourth edition was prepared by a team of authors led by B J Taylor, but was still acknowledged to be based on the previous editions by Eastwood. The fourth edition was published in 1971, but its preparation was mostly carried out in the late 1960s, before the full effects of the plate tectonic revolution had permeated all aspects of geology. This fact alone would justify a new edition, but the huge volume of additional data generated over the last 50 years makes it long overdue. The fresh insights and interpretations presented here owe much to those who have generated this data: colleagues within the British Geological Survey, academic researchers, energy and mineral exploration geologists, civil engineers and, increasingly, scientists working with a broadly based, environmental brief.

With its historical pedigree, the Taylor et al. text has continued to provide a valuable source of data for Northern England and its influence can undoubtedly still be found in this, the new fifth edition, which is nevertheless an entirely new work. The authors have approached their task from a perspective of dynamic geological development, in which tectonic processes, sedimentation and magmatism are integrated, rather than being treated separately in the traditional fashion. The book gives a comprehensive account of the geology of the region that it is hoped will prove informative to a wide range of users, from students and those with a general interest in their surroundings, to professional scientists, planners and engineers.

::: John N Ludden, PhD
::: Executive Director
::: British Geological Survey

== Acknowledgements ==

This edition of Northern England has been compiled by P Stone and edited by him, D Millward, S G Molyneux and J E Thomas.

Articles have been written by the following authors:

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Introduction|Introduction]] P Stone

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Early Ordovician: Skiddaw and Manx groups|Early Ordovician]] P Stone

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Early Ordovician: Skiddaw and Manx groups|Manx Group]] R P Barnes

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Ordovician: Caradoc magmatism|Ordovician: magmatism]] D Millward

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Late Ordovician to Silurian: Windermere Supergroup|Late Ordovician to Silurian]] P Stone

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Devonian: Acadian deformation and magmatism|Devonian]] P Stone, D Millward and M McCormac

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Carboniferous: blocks, basins and sedimentary cyclicity|Carboniferous]] D J D Lawrence, M McCormac and P Stone

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Late Carboniferous to early Permian deformation and magmatism|Late Carboniferous to early Permian]] D Millward

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Permian, Triassic and Jurassic: deserts, rivers and shallow seas|Permian, Triassic and Jurassic]] S M Clarke

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics and magmatism|Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic]] D Millward

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Mineralisation|Mineralisation]] B Young

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Quaternary: ice sheets and a changing climate|Quaternary]] J W Merritt

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Fuel and energy]] B Young

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Industrial minerals]] B Young

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Metalliferous and associated minerals]] B Young

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Building stone]] B Young

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Ground engineering]] D C Entwisle

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Geological hazards]] P Stone

[[British regional geology: Northern England#Geology and man|Hydrogeology and water supply]] A S Butcher

The authors are grateful to the following for their specialist reviews of parts of the text: Peter Brand, David Highley, Douglas Holliday, Ewan Hyslop, Wishart Mitchell, Roger Musson, Jack Soper, Colin Waters, Nigel Woodcock.

Figures were produced by J Bow, K Henderson, K MacKenzie, E Mann, C Shearer and L Wilson

Book design by Amanda Hill

Photographs are from the BGS archive unless otherwise stated, and were prepared by F I MacTaggart and B M McIntyre.

[[Category: Northern England | 01]]

British regional geology: Northern England - Revision history

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