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	The British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG16 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:		The British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG16 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:

	~~'''Green, G W. 1992. British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region (Third edition). (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)'''~~		{{BGRG}}

	[[File:P894510.jpg\|200px\|right\|British Regional Geology: Central England. Cover image. P894510.]]		[[File:P894510.jpg\|200px\|right\|British Regional Geology: Central England. Cover image. P894510.]]

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BobMcIntosh: /* Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian) */

2017-09-28T20:52:58Z

Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian)

New page

__notoc__
The British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region has been converted to a series of articles for this wiki. The book is available for purchase at the [https://shop.bgs.ac.uk/Bookshop/product.cfm?p_id=BRG16 BGS Online Shop] Its full reference is:

'''Green, G W. 1992. British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region (Third edition). (London: HMSO for the British Geological Survey.)'''

[[File:P894510.jpg|200px|right|British Regional Geology: Central England. Cover image. P894510.]]

== Contents ==

=== [[Bristol and Gloucester region - an introduction|Introduction]] ===

:: [[Bristol and Gloucester region - an introduction#Physiography|Physiography]]

:: [[Bristol and Gloucester region - an introduction#Scenery|Scenery]]

:: [[Bristol and Gloucester region - an introduction#Early geological works|Early geological works]]

=== [[Cambrian, Bristol and Gloucester region|Cambrian]] ===

:: [[Cambrian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Breadstone Shales|Breadstone Shales]]

:: [[Cambrian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Micklewood Beds|Micklewood Beds]]

=== [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region|Silurian]] ===

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Tortworth|Tortworth]]

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Sharpness|Sharpness]]

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Newnham|Newnham]]

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Wickwar|Wickwar]]

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Mendips|Mendips]]

:: [[Silurian, Bristol and Gloucester region#Batsford (Lower Lemington) Borehole|Batsford (Lower Lemington) Borehole]]

=== [[Old Red Sandstone (Silurian—Carboniferous), an introduction|Old Red Sandstone (Silurian–Carboniferous)]] ===

:: Stratigraphy

::: [[Lower Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower Old Red Sandstone]]

::: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region|Upper Old Red Sandstone]]

:: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region#West of River Severn|West of River Severn]]

:: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region#Sharpness–Thornbury|Sharpness–Thornbury]]

:: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region#Bristol|Bristol]]

:: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region#Bath|Bath]]

:: [[Upper Old Red Sandstone, Bristol and Gloucester region#Mendip Hills|Mendip Hills]]

=== [[Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian), its classification and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian)]] ===

:: [[Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian), its classification and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Lower Carboniferous (Dinantian), its classification and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region#Sedimentation|Sedimentation]]

:: Stratigraphy

::: [[Lower Limestone Shale, Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower Limestone Shale]]

::: [[Black Rock Limestone, Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Black Rock Limestone]]

::: [[Clifton Down Group and Hotwells Group (excluding the arenaceous facies), Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Clifton Down Group and Hotwells Group]]

::: [[Arenaceous facies in the Clifton Down Group and Hotwells Group, Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Arenaceous facies in the Clifton Down Group and Hotwells Group]]

:: [[Cannington Park, Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Cannington Park]]

:: [[Igneous rocks, Lower Carboniferous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Igneous rocks]]

=== [[Upper Carboniferous (Namurian), Bristol and Gloucester region|Upper Carboniferous (Namurian)]] ===

:: [[Upper Carboniferous (Namurian), Bristol and Gloucester region#Bristol area|Bristol area]]

:: [[Upper Carboniferous (Namurian), Bristol and Gloucester region#Southern areas|Southern areas]]

:: [[Upper Carboniferous (Namurian), Bristol and Gloucester region#Western areas|Western areas]]

=== [[Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian) and its classification, Bristol and Gloucester region|Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian)]] ===

:: [[Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian) and its classification, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Conditions of formation of the Carboniferous Coal Measures and their fauna and flora, Bristol and Gloucester region|Conditions of formation of the Coal Measures]]

:: [[Conditions of formation of the Carboniferous Coal Measures and their fauna and flora, Bristol and Gloucester region#Plants of the coal measures|Plants of the Coal Measures]]

:: [[Conditions of formation of the Carboniferous Coal Measures and their fauna and flora, Bristol and Gloucester region#Fauna of the coal measures|Fauna of the Coal Measures]]

:: [[The Carboniferous coal basins, Bristol and Gloucester region|The coal basins]]

:: [[The Carboniferous coal basins, Bristol and Gloucester region#Other coal measures occurrences|Other Coal Measures occurrences]]

=== [[Intra-Palaeozoic earth movements]] ===

:: [[The Malvern Axis and Pre- and Intra-Carboniferous earth movements, Bristol and Gloucester region#The Malvern 'Axis'|The Malvern 'Axis']]

:: [[The Malvern Axis and Pre- and Intra-Carboniferous earth movements, Bristol and Gloucester region#Pre-Carboniferous movements|Pre-Carboniferous movements]]

:: [[The Malvern Axis and Pre- and Intra-Carboniferous earth movements, Bristol and Gloucester region#Intra-Carboniferous movements|Intra-Carboniferous movements]]

:: [[Permo-Carboniferous earth movements, Bristol and Gloucester region|Permo-Carboniferous movements]]

=== [[Permo-Triassic, its classification and conditions of deposition, Bristol and Gloucester region|Permo-Triassic]] ===

:: [[Permo-Triassic, its classification and conditions of deposition, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Permo-Triassic, its classification and conditions of deposition, Bristol and Gloucester region#Conditions of deposition|Conditions of deposition]]

:: [[Permo-Triassic Sandstones, Bristol and Gloucester region|Permo-Triassic Sandstones]]

:: [[Mercia Mudstone Group, Permo-Triassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Mercia Mudstone Group]]

:: [[Penarth Group, Permo-Triassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Penarth Group]]

=== [[Lower Jurassic and its classification, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower Jurassic]] ===

:: [[Lower Jurassic and its classification, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Lower Lias, Jurassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower Lias]]

:: [[Middle Lias, Jurassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Middle Lias]]

:: [[Upper Lias, Jurassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Upper Lias]]

=== [[Middle Jurassic (Inferior Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region|Middle Jurassic (Inferior Oolite Group)]] ===

:: [[Middle Jurassic (Inferior Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Middle Jurassic (Inferior Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region#Depositional pattern|Depositional pattern]]

:: [[Lower and Middle Inferior Oolite, Middle Jurassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Lower and Middle Inferior Oolite]]

:: [[Upper Inferior Oolite, Middle Jurassic, Bristol and Gloucester region|Upper Inferior Oolite]]

=== [[Middle Jurassic (Great Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region|Middle Jurassic (Great Oolite Group)]] ===

:: [[Middle Jurassic (Great Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region#Classification|Classification]]

:: [[Middle Jurassic (Great Oolite Group) its classification and depositional pattern, Bristol and Gloucester region#Depositional pattern|Depositional pattern]]

:: Stratigraphy

:: [[Great Oolite Group, Middle Jurassic, Dorset—Somerset Province|Dorset—Somerset Province]]

:: [[Great Oolite Group, Middle Jurassic, Bath, Bath—Cotswolds Province|Bath—Cotswolds Province]]

::: [[Great Oolite Group, Middle Jurassic, Tormarton—Nailsworth, Bath—Cotswolds Province|Tormarton—Nailsworth]]

::: [[Great Oolite Group, Middle Jurassic, Minchinhampton, Bath—Cotswolds Province|Minchinhampton]]

::: [[Great Oolite Group, Middle Jurassic, Cirencester—North Cotswolds, Bath—Cotswolds Province|Cirencester—North Cotswolds]]

::: [[Cornbrash, Middle Jurassic, Bath—Cotswolds Province|Cornbrash]]

=== [[Middle/Upper Jurassic (Kellaways Beds and Oxford Clay), Bristol and Gloucester region|Middle/Upper Jurassic (Kellaways Beds and Oxford Clay)]] ===

=== [[Cretaceous, Bristol and Gloucester region|Cretaceous]] ===

=== [[Post-Variscan structure and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region|Post-Variscan structure and sedimentation]] ===

:: [[Post-Variscan structure and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region#Main structural elements|Main structural elements]]

:: [[Post-Variscan structure and sedimentation, Bristol and Gloucester region#Post-Bathonian structural history|Post-Bathonian structural history]]

=== [[Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Quaternary]] ===

:: [[Quaternary events in the Lower Severn and Avon valleys|Events in the Lower Severn and Avon valleys]]

:: [[Glacial deposits, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Glacial deposits]]

:: [[Terrace gravels, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Terrace gravels]]

:: [[Head, including fan gravel, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Head, including Fan Gravel]]

:: [[Alluvium, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Alluvium]]

:: [[Raised beach deposits, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Raised beach deposits]]

:: [[Cave and fissure deposits, Quaternary, Bristol and Gloucester region|Cave and fissure deposits]]

=== [[Geology and man, introduction, Bristol and Gloucester region|Economic geology]] ===

:: [[Coal and coal mining, Bristol and Gloucester region|Coal]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region|Roadstone, aggregate and lime]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region#Iron|Iron]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region#Lead and zinc ores|Lead and zinc ores]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region#Manganese|Manganese]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region#Brick, tile and pottery clays|Brick, tile and pottery clays]]

:: [[Economic minerals other than coal, Bristol and Gloucester region#Oil shales|Oil shales]]

:: [[Water supply and hot springs, Bristol and Gloucester region|Water supply]]

:: [[Water supply and hot springs, Bristol and Gloucester region#Bath–Bristol hot springs|Bath–Bristol hot springs]]

== Foreword to the third edition ==

The second edition of the Bristol and Gloucester regional guide was produced in 1948, but since that time much new information has been collected and there was a need to produce this third edition to incorporate the information derived from mapping carried out by the British Geological Survey and exploration undertaken by the coal, petroleum and water industries.

The Bristol and Gloucester district is one of the geologically most varied parts of Britain. This in turn provides the scenic variety for which the area is renowned, including the deep gorges of Cheddar Gorge and the Wye Valley, prominent escarpments such as those of the Cotswolds and the Forest of Dean, and the wide valleys flanking the Thames and the Severn. The area is also famous for its caves, such as Wookey Hole. It is the combination of a congenial environment and mineral resources which has attracted people to the Bristol and Gloucester district since the days of early man.

The geology of the district, as outlined in this volume, provides a fascinating insight into the history and evolution of the area, extending back more than 500 million years. The region contains some of the oldest rocks exposed in southern England whilst at the other end of the geological timescale, because the region was located near the edge of the massive ice sheets which at times covered much of Britain, it provides us with a dramatic picture of changing environments over the last two million years.

Elucidating the geological history is essential if we are to understand the controls on the distribution of mineral resources in the region. These resources include lime and aggregate, which are extracted in large quantities, and resources which are not presently mined, such as coal, evaporites, ironstone, clay, lead, (worked from Roman times), zinc and oil shales. Groundwater is one of the most important and widely used resources in the regionthe geological investigations undertaken by the BGS in the region will help to conserve this important resource for present and future generations. Bath and other thermal waters have been the subject of recent investigations which have shown that their composition (and temperature) are closely related to their underlying geology.

The first two editions of this regional guide were very popular and I am confident that the third edition will be equally popular with geologists, planners, environmentalists, explorers, tourists and all those interested in the geological development of this beautiful area and its conservation.

::: British Geological Survey
::: Keyworth
::: Nottingham NG12 5GG
::: 1 March 1992
::: Peter J Cook, DSc
::: Director

== Acknowledgements ==

The author wishes to acknowledge the great help he has received from numerous colleagues on the Survey in writing this account in particular to Dr P M Allen and Mr B J Williams for editing the text, and to members of the palaeontological and petrographical departments for evaluating appropriate sections. Special mention must also be made of Mr R J Wyatt, not only for checking the entire work and seeing it through the press but also for supplying valuable help with Chapter 12 (Great Oolite Group). The figures were prepared by Mr J W Arbon. Thanks are due to the Council of the Geological Society of London for permission to use and adapt Figure 15 (from the Journal of the Geological Society, 1983), and to Messrs Blackie for Figures 32 and 33.

[[Category:Bristol and Gloucester region | 01]]

British regional geology: Bristol and Gloucester region - Revision history

Dbk at 11:36, 30 January 2018

Dbk: 1 revision imported

BobMcIntosh: /* Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian and Stephanian) */